Model

ESMC

ESM C learns protein sequence representations for downstream analysis.

Sources (5)

evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md

32 evaluations · 82 results 8 configurations with further results

How it worksESMC workflow

Conceptual summary of the documented data flow; optional inputs and configured downstream stages must be reported for a reproducible evaluation.

Sources (5)

Overview

Model type

Protein representation transformer

Inputs

Protein amino-acid sequences.

Outputs

Final-layer or all-layer protein representations and masked-token outputs.

Access

Official project documentation and implementation: https://github.com/evolutionaryscale/esm

Sources (5)

limited source coverage · Automated source review, 2026-09-16. All specifications and missing details

Evaluations and results

32 evaluations · 82 results. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

Sorted by Spearman (higher is better). The best value in each column is highlighted. Decimals are rounded for display; each value links to the printed value and its source.

Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	Spearman	NDCG (cutoff not stated)	Accuracy	AUROC	F1 max (multi-label; TorchDrug-style F1_score_max)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Activity assays: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Binding assays: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Expression assays: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, High MSA depth proteins: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Human proteins: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Low MSA depth proteins: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, mean over selection types of the per-type mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman (all 217 assays))	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Medium MSA depth proteins: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Organismal fitness assays: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Other eukaryote proteins: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Prokaryote proteins: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Stability assays: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, variants with 1 substitution: mean over protein and selection-type groups of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, variants with 2 substitutions: mean over protein and selection-type groups of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, variants with 3 substitutions: mean over protein and selection-type groups of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, variants with 4 substitutions: mean over protein and selection-type groups of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, variants with 5 or more substitutions: mean over protein and selection-type groups of assay-level Spearman)	Spearman (ProteinGym zero-shot DMS substitutions, Virus proteins: mean over proteins of assay-level Spearman)
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 NucB two-to-many; held-out test set · NucB, NucB	0.723 ± 0.002 (best in column)	0.966 ± 0.000	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 PDZ3 single-to-double; held-out test set · PDZ3, PDZ3	0.499 ± 0.018	0.889 ± 0.011	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench PROTEINGYM-ZS: ProteinGym zero-shot variant effect prediction, ProteinGym (PFMBench split)	0.434	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 TrpB two-to-many; held-out test set · TrpB, TrpB	0.429 ± 0.042	0.991 ± 0.003	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 hydro three-to-many; held-out test set · hydro, hydro	0.399 ± 0.174	0.977 ± 0.007	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C (300M) [ProteinGym 144fe22b snapshot]Evaluation	ProteinGym AMFR official zero-shot Spearman snapshot, ProteinGym AMFR 4G3O official snapshot cohort	0.364	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 hydro to-P01053; held-out test set · hydro, hydro	0.329 ± 0.190	0.949 ± 0.024	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 TrpB one-to-many; held-out test set · TrpB, TrpB	0.306 ± 0.063	0.992 ± 0.001 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench STABILITY: TAPE_Stability, TAPE_Stability (PFMBench split)	0.3	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C (600M) [ProteinGym 144fe22b snapshot]Evaluation	ProteinGym AMFR official zero-shot Spearman snapshot, ProteinGym AMFR 4G3O official snapshot cohort	0.262	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench BINDING-DB: BindingDB, BindingDB (PFMBench split)	0 .20716	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 hydro to-P06241; held-out test set · hydro, hydro	0.161 ± 0.184	0.934 ± 0.011	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 IRED two-to-many; held-out test set · IRED, IRED	0.160 ± 0.022	0.954 ± 0.002	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 Amylase one-to-many; held-out test set · Amylase, Amylase	0.148 ± 0.181	0.869 ± 0.028	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench PDB-BIND: PDBbind, PDBbind (PFMBench split)	0.147	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 Amylase close-to-far; held-out test set · Amylase, Amylase	0.107 ± 0.113	0.869 ± 0.024	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 hydro low-to-high; held-out test set · hydro, hydro	0.099 ± 0.194	0.870 ± 0.030	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 TrpB by-position; held-out test set · TrpB, TrpB	0.091 ± 0.118	0.980 ± 0.007	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 hydro to-P0A9X9; held-out test set · hydro, hydro	0.078 ± 0.133	0.970 ± 0.001	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 Amylase by-mutation; held-out test set · Amylase, Amylase	0.061 ± 0.130	0.793 ± 0.030	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 Amylase far-to-close; held-out test set · Amylase, Amylase	0.011 ± 0.066	0.819 ± 0.011	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESMC-300M supervisedEvaluation	FLIP2 rhomax by-wild-type; held-out test set · rhomax, rhomax	−0.016 ± 0.113	0.942 ± 0.008	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench ANTI-RES: Antibiotic resistance, Antibiotic resistance (PFMBench split)	Not reported	Not reported	0.673	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench CLONING-CLF: Cloning CLF, Cloning CLF (PFMBench split)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.81	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench DEEPLOC2: DeepLoc2 Multi, DeepLoc2 Multi (PFMBench split)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.754 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench DEEPSOL: DeepSol, DeepSol (PFMBench split)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.842 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench EC: Enzyme Commission, Enzyme Commission (PFMBench split)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.717	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench MAT-PROD: Material production, Material production (PFMBench split)	Not reported	Not reported	0.81 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench METAL-ION: Metal ion binding, Metal ion binding (PFMBench split)	Not reported	Not reported	0.702	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-CEvaluation	PFMBench SEC-STRUCT: Secondary structure, Secondary structure (PFMBench split)	Not reported	Not reported	0.768	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C (300M) [ProteinGym 144fe22b snapshot]Evaluation	ProteinGym v1.3 zero-shot DMS substitutions, ProteinGym DMS substitution assays at commit 144fe22 (217 assays)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.423 (best in column)	0.315 (best in column)	0.408	0.52 (best in column)	0.468 (best in column)	0.337 (best in column)	0.406 (best in column)	0.399	0.36	0.481 (best in column)	0.441	0.526	0.415	0.258 (best in column)	0.191	0.155 (best in column)	0.217 (best in column)	0.242 (best in column)
ESM-C (600M) [ProteinGym 144fe22b snapshot]Evaluation	ProteinGym v1.3 zero-shot DMS substitutions, ProteinGym DMS substitution assays at commit 144fe22 (217 assays)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.423 (best in column)	0.294	0.42 (best in column)	0.515	0.462	0.331	0.405	0.407 (best in column)	0.362 (best in column)	0.481 (best in column)	0.459 (best in column)	0.528 (best in column)	0.416 (best in column)	0.246	0.197 (best in column)	0.15	0.202	0.241

All 82 result rows with coverage, uncertainty and sources

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Applied filters: All linked evaluations

Source checking is not independent reproduction. Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6.

Further results on linked records

8 linked records have results that are not included above, because no reviewed claim yet ties the link to this model. Each record keeps its own settings and evaluations, and its scores are on its own page.

ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME) Configuration · configuration · 8 evaluations · 8 results
ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME) Configuration · configuration · 8 evaluations · 8 results
ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME) Configuration · configuration · 8 evaluations · 8 results
ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME) Configuration · configuration · 8 evaluations · 8 results
ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME) Configuration · configuration · 8 evaluations · 8 results
ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME) Configuration · configuration · 8 evaluations · 8 results
ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME) Configuration · configuration · 8 evaluations · 8 results
ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME) Configuration · configuration · 8 evaluations · 8 results

Related configurations, pipelines and services

These configurations, services and pipelines use this model within their own configurations. Their results, where available, are not assigned to the underlying model.

ESM-C Configuration · 1 result

Use this model

How it works, versions and access

Versions and evaluated configurations

ESMC-300M supervised · family
ESM-C · family
ESM-C (300M) [ProteinGym 144fe22b snapshot] · configuration of
ESM-C (600M) [ProteinGym 144fe22b snapshot] · configuration of

How it works

Pre-normalized transformer with rotary embeddings, SwiGLU feed-forward activations and no linear/layer-norm biases. The documented inputs are protein amino-acid sequences. The output consists of final-layer or all-layer protein representations and masked-token outputs.

Sources (5)

Versions and reproducibility

esmc-600m-2024-12 API identifier and biohub/ESMC-6B local example. The card specifies a2,048-token window after an initial 512-token training phase.

Sources (5)

Strengths, limitations and unresolved questions

Strengths and limitations

Strengths and considerations

The implementation supports local inference and a hosted interface, with downloadable model variants.
Sources (5)
evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md

Limitations and conditions

Hosted API names and downloadable weights identify different versions. The main repository does not by itself provide a complete per-checkpoint training manifest.
Sources (5)
evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md

Profile review details

Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied.

Stable record: discovery-model-esmc

Specifications

Inputs, training, access and other details

Explanatory profile: limited source coverage · Automated source review, 2026-09-16. Review applies to the cited claims; unresolved fields are listed below. Numerical results retain their own review status.

Inputs, outputs and configuration
Property	Description and evidence
Model type	Protein representation transformer Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Architecture	Pre-normalized transformer with rotary embeddings, SwiGLU feed-forward activations and no linear/layer-norm biases. Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Inputs	Protein amino-acid sequences. Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Outputs	Final-layer or all-layer protein representations and masked-token outputs. Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Parameters	300M/30 layers, 600M/36 layers and 6B/80 layers in the checked model card. Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Known versions	esmc-600m-2024-12 API identifier and biohub/ESMC-6B local example. Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Training data	UniRef, MGnify and JGI protein sequences clustered at 70% identity. The card distinguishes83M, 372M and 2B clusters respectively from the number of repeated training tokens. Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Training cutoff	The official ESMC-6B card identifies UniRef, MGnify and JGI clusters and training stages, but does not give a latest-sequence date shared across those corpora. · Not reported in inspected sources Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Context limits	The card specifies a2,048-token window after an initial 512-token training phase. Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Weights licence	MIT is declared alongside third-party notices in the checked6B card; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md lists dependency licences. Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Access	Official project documentation and implementation: https://github.com/evolutionaryscale/esm Sources (5) evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md; evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md; biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md
Code licence	MIT Sources evolutionaryscale/esm: LICENSE.md · LICENSE.md: licence text

Evidence

Source checking verifies the cited claim or transcription. It does not establish independent reproduction.

Evidence table

Inspect claims, sources and review details

Trace each statement to its source and review. A context-only reference supports the record generally; it does not verify an individual field. Source checking does not reproduce an experiment.

One row per statement and cited source. Multiple citations are not independent evaluations. Shared locators are labelled explicitly.

96 evidence rows matching the loaded filters

Claims, original sources and review scope · Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6
Property and statement	Original source and location	Review and provenance
Diagram caption Conceptual summary of the documented data flow; optional inputs and configured downstream stages must be reported for a reproducible evaluation. Individual claims	evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d Retrieved: 2026-09-16T19:46:18.983347+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.caption` Source artifact SHA-256: `2f564153712e32ad668f1586b6e78599d1a7fd6a3b3b7049718d85f9b33f79a6` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact
Diagram caption Conceptual summary of the documented data flow; optional inputs and configured downstream stages must be reported for a reproducible evaluation. Individual claims	biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: af1602ba7406f521b11bf8f81d52af378cde09e4 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T20:22:27.767420+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.caption` Source artifact SHA-256: `64096baa2f7345c1badd5be2c97c0998fc46d4c3d017c2a3f3ce83418a20f147` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact
Diagram caption Conceptual summary of the documented data flow; optional inputs and configured downstream stages must be reported for a reproducible evaluation. Individual claims	evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d Retrieved: 2026-09-16T19:46:18.983347+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.caption` Source artifact SHA-256: `5bff8515ba4e0f53abdc43714c180b79c5b606160497d98de741a369cb9b6a23` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact
Diagram caption Conceptual summary of the documented data flow; optional inputs and configured downstream stages must be reported for a reproducible evaluation. Individual claims	evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d Retrieved: 2026-09-16T19:46:18.983347+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.caption` Source artifact SHA-256: `74a897f0e97e3d4256f7cff11424dd264df4daaf8cabd9a6fb74b661421de038` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact
Diagram caption Conceptual summary of the documented data flow; optional inputs and configured downstream stages must be reported for a reproducible evaluation. Individual claims	biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: af1602ba7406f521b11bf8f81d52af378cde09e4 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T20:22:27.767420+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.caption` Source artifact SHA-256: `80ccf981fbbd4f9f0a64830a0b64f1c79ed0f629d3f3b95f4424fd73174ac540` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact
Diagram steps Protein sequence ESM C transformer Layer representations Downstream analysis Individual claims	evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d Retrieved: 2026-09-16T19:46:18.983347+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.steps` Source artifact SHA-256: `2f564153712e32ad668f1586b6e78599d1a7fd6a3b3b7049718d85f9b33f79a6` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact
Diagram steps Protein sequence ESM C transformer Layer representations Downstream analysis Individual claims	biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: af1602ba7406f521b11bf8f81d52af378cde09e4 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T20:22:27.767420+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.steps` Source artifact SHA-256: `64096baa2f7345c1badd5be2c97c0998fc46d4c3d017c2a3f3ce83418a20f147` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact
Diagram steps Protein sequence ESM C transformer Layer representations Downstream analysis Individual claims	evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d Retrieved: 2026-09-16T19:46:18.983347+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.steps` Source artifact SHA-256: `5bff8515ba4e0f53abdc43714c180b79c5b606160497d98de741a369cb9b6a23` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact
Diagram steps Protein sequence ESM C transformer Layer representations Downstream analysis Individual claims	evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d Retrieved: 2026-09-16T19:46:18.983347+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.steps` Source artifact SHA-256: `74a897f0e97e3d4256f7cff11424dd264df4daaf8cabd9a6fb74b661421de038` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact
Diagram steps Protein sequence ESM C transformer Layer representations Downstream analysis Individual claims	biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json Original source ↗ Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md Shared locator for this statement’s cited sources; not a separate locator for each citation. Version: af1602ba7406f521b11bf8f81d52af378cde09e4 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T20:22:27.767420+00:00	source checked automated source review · 2026-09-16 Audit details Inspected pinned official documentation, relevant implementation files and named primary-paper sections. Claims are limited to those artifacts. Remaining field extraction and identity conflicts are explicit; no new performance claims, model runs or human review are implied. Field: `attributes.profile.diagram.steps` Source artifact SHA-256: `80ccf981fbbd4f9f0a64830a0b64f1c79ed0f629d3f3b95f4424fd73174ac540` Hash scope: SHA-256 of retrieved original artifact bytes Format: original_artifact Inspected artifact

How to read the evidence

Sources and history

Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6 · Record review: discovered

7 source records and release history

evolutionaryscale/esm official source · Original source · bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d
evolutionaryscale/esm: README.md · Original source · bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d
evolutionaryscale/esm: _assets/ESM3_README.md · Original source · bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d
evolutionaryscale/esm: THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md · Original source · bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d
biohub/ESMC-6B: README.md · Original source · af1602ba7406f521b11bf8f81d52af378cde09e4
biohub/ESMC-6B: config.json · Original source · af1602ba7406f521b11bf8f81d52af378cde09e4
evolutionaryscale/esm: LICENSE.md · Original source · bf343ba264b650dff7a073643725f9aaa1fdbe8d

Download this release (gzip)

Technical metadata and extraction receipts

Stable ID: discovery-model-esmc

areas: protein-function
access: official_source_linked
candidate benchmark ids: None recorded
entity level: family
reported name: ESMC
entity classification: review date: 2026-09-17; rationale: The cited profile describes a named learned biological predictor or representation model/family. Preserve this identity separately from task-specific fitting, individual checkpoints, pipelines and hosted access.; source ids: evidence-official-4bf005200ebfb2586b78; evidence-official-0437be6150a3da9f8efc; evidence-official-1f027f8ecc53decdeec8; evidence-official-1d81a48c6dcc0e6dc14d; evidence-official-e69877a2a54345e162b3; source locator: Official biohub/ESMC-6B card: Model Architecture, Parameters, Training Data, Training Procedure and Limitations; THIRD_PARTY_NOTICE.md; ambiguities: None recorded
missing metadata: version: reason: unextracted

Related records

family: ESMC-300M supervised
uses model: PLM-GraphDTA with ESMC 600M protein and GAT drug representation
uses model: PLM-GraphDTA with ESMC 600M protein and GAT-GCN drug representation
uses model: PLM-GraphDTA with ESMC 600M protein and GCN drug representation
uses model: PLM-GraphDTA with ESMC 600M protein and GIN drug representation
configuration of: ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)
configuration of: ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)
configuration of: ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)
configuration of: ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)
configuration of: ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)
configuration of: ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)
configuration of: ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)
configuration of: ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)
alias of: ESM-C
family: ESM-C
uses model: ESM-C
configuration of: ESM-C (300M) [ProteinGym 144fe22b snapshot]
configuration of: ESM-C (600M) [ProteinGym 144fe22b snapshot]

Suggest a correction

Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	Finding	Evidence and details
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro to-P0A9X9; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.078 ± 0.133 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.133 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro to-P0A9X9; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro to-P0A9X9; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A13; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 TrpB by-position; held-out test set · TrpB Dataset subset: TrpB	0.980 ± 0.007 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.007 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 TrpB by-position; held-out test set · TrpB FLIP2 TrpB by-position; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A9; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 PDZ3 single-to-double; held-out test set · PDZ3 Dataset subset: PDZ3	0.499 ± 0.018 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.018 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 PDZ3 single-to-double; held-out test set · PDZ3 FLIP2 PDZ3 single-to-double; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A16; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 Amylase by-mutation; held-out test set · Amylase Dataset subset: Amylase	0.061 ± 0.130 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.13 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 Amylase by-mutation; held-out test set · Amylase FLIP2 Amylase by-mutation; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A4; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro to-P01053; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.949 ± 0.024 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.024 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro to-P01053; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro to-P01053; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A14; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 Amylase one-to-many; held-out test set · Amylase Dataset subset: Amylase	0.869 ± 0.028 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.028 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 Amylase one-to-many; held-out test set · Amylase FLIP2 Amylase one-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A1; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro to-P06241; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.934 ± 0.011 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.011 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro to-P06241; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro to-P06241; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A12; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro three-to-many; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.977 ± 0.007 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.007 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro three-to-many; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro three-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A10; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 TrpB two-to-many; held-out test set · TrpB Dataset subset: TrpB	0.991 ± 0.003 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.003 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 TrpB two-to-many; held-out test set · TrpB FLIP2 TrpB two-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A8; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 TrpB one-to-many; held-out test set · TrpB Dataset subset: TrpB	0.306 ± 0.063 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.063 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 TrpB one-to-many; held-out test set · TrpB FLIP2 TrpB one-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A7; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 Amylase far-to-close; held-out test set · Amylase Dataset subset: Amylase	0.011 ± 0.066 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.066 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 Amylase far-to-close; held-out test set · Amylase FLIP2 Amylase far-to-close; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A3; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 Amylase one-to-many; held-out test set · Amylase Dataset subset: Amylase	0.148 ± 0.181 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.181 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 Amylase one-to-many; held-out test set · Amylase FLIP2 Amylase one-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A1; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 Amylase by-mutation; held-out test set · Amylase Dataset subset: Amylase	0.793 ± 0.030 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.03 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 Amylase by-mutation; held-out test set · Amylase FLIP2 Amylase by-mutation; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A4; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 Amylase far-to-close; held-out test set · Amylase Dataset subset: Amylase	0.819 ± 0.011 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.011 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 Amylase far-to-close; held-out test set · Amylase FLIP2 Amylase far-to-close; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A3; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro to-P06241; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.161 ± 0.184 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.184 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro to-P06241; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro to-P06241; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A12; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro three-to-many; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.399 ± 0.174 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.174 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro three-to-many; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro three-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A10; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro low-to-high; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.099 ± 0.194 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.194 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro low-to-high; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro low-to-high; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A11; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro to-P0A9X9; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.970 ± 0.001 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.001 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro to-P0A9X9; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro to-P0A9X9; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A13; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro to-P01053; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.329 ± 0.190 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.19 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro to-P01053; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro to-P01053; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A14; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 IRED two-to-many; held-out test set · IRED Dataset subset: IRED	0.954 ± 0.002 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.002 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 IRED two-to-many; held-out test set · IRED FLIP2 IRED two-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A5; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 PDZ3 single-to-double; held-out test set · PDZ3 Dataset subset: PDZ3	0.889 ± 0.011 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.011 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 PDZ3 single-to-double; held-out test set · PDZ3 FLIP2 PDZ3 single-to-double; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A16; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 TrpB one-to-many; held-out test set · TrpB Dataset subset: TrpB	0.992 ± 0.001 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.001 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 TrpB one-to-many; held-out test set · TrpB FLIP2 TrpB one-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A7; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 NucB two-to-many; held-out test set · NucB Dataset subset: NucB	0.723 ± 0.002 Spearman unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.002 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 NucB two-to-many; held-out test set · NucB FLIP2 NucB two-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A6; row ESMC-300M supervised; column spearman
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 NucB two-to-many; held-out test set · NucB Dataset subset: NucB	0.966 ± 0.000 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 NucB two-to-many; held-out test set · NucB FLIP2 NucB two-to-many; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A6; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg
Configuration: ESMC-300M supervised	Protocol: FLIP2 hydro low-to-high; held-out test set · hydro Dataset subset: hydro	0.870 ± 0.030 NDCG (cutoff not stated) unitless · higher Uncertainty: ± 0.03 (type not stated) Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESMC-300M supervised · FLIP2 hydro low-to-high; held-out test set · hydro FLIP2 hydro low-to-high; held-out test set Aggregation: mean of five random-seed fits (Section 4.3) FLIP2: Expanding Protein Fitness Landscape Benchmarks for Real-World Machine Learning Applications · Table A11; row ESMC-300M supervised; column ndcg