| Configuration: 3UTRBERT (K3) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | -0.002 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and source3UTRBERT (K3) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row '3UTRBERT (K3)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: 3UTRBERT (K4) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | -0.005 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and source3UTRBERT (K4) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row '3UTRBERT (K4)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: 3UTRBERT (K5) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | -0.002 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and source3UTRBERT (K5) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row '3UTRBERT (K5)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: 3UTRBERT (K6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.008 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and source3UTRBERT (K6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row '3UTRBERT (K6)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: AIDO.RNA (1.6B) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.595 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceAIDO.RNA (1.6B) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'AIDO.RNA (1.6B)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: AIDO.RNA (650M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.469 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceAIDO.RNA (650M) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'AIDO.RNA (650M)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: DNABERT (k=3) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | -0.006 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceDNABERT (k=3) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'DNABERT (k=3)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.003 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceDNABERT (k=6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: ERNIE-RNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.356 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceERNIE-RNA zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'ERNIE-RNA', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: LAMAR (2k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.031 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLAMAR (2k) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'LAMAR (2k)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: LAMAR (4k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLAMAR (4k) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'LAMAR (4k)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: LucaOne (D17.6M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.182 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLucaOne (D17.6M) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'LucaOne (D17.6M)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: LucaOne (D36.0M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.135 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLucaOne (D36.0M) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'LucaOne (D36.0M)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: LucaOne (G36.8M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.228 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLucaOne (G36.8M) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'LucaOne (G36.8M)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: MP-RNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.515 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceMP-RNA zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'MP-RNA', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: PlantRNA-FM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.116 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourcePlantRNA-FM zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'PlantRNA-FM', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: ProtRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.323 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceProtRNA zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'ProtRNA', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: RFamLlama (Base) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.029 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRFamLlama (Base) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'RFamLlama (Base)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: RFamLlama (Large) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.036 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRFamLlama (Large) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'RFamLlama (Large)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: RiNALMo (giga) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.416 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRiNALMo (giga) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'RiNALMo (giga)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: RiNALMo (mega) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.317 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRiNALMo (mega) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'RiNALMo (mega)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: RiNALMo (micro) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.268 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRiNALMo (micro) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'RiNALMo (micro)', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: RNA-FM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.186 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRNA-FM zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'RNA-FM', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: RNA-km (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.489 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRNA-km zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'RNA-km', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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| Configuration: RNA-MSM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.634 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRNA-MSM zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'RNA-MSM', column 'MCC' (Median) |
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