Configuration

DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)

DNABERT (k=6) evaluated zero-shot by Wang et al. 2026.

Overview

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Consult the linked sources for architecture or protocol details. Missing evidence is not evidence of a missing capability.

Evaluations and results

30 evaluations · 30 results. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

Sorted by AUROC (CLS embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) (higher is better). The best value in each column is highlighted. Decimals are rounded for display; each value links to the printed value and its source.

Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	AUROC (CLS embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs)	AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs)	F1 (attention; mean over structures)	F1 (attention; median over structures)	F1 (CLS embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs)	F1 (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs)	MCC (attention; mean over structures)	MCC (attention; median over structures)	MCC (CLS embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs)	MCC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs)	One minus overlap ratio (CLS embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs)	One minus overlap ratio (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs)	Absolute spearman correlation (PLL-D; mean over assays)	Absolute spearman correlation (PLL-D; median over assays)	AUROC (PLL-D; mean over assays)	AUROC (PLL-D; median over assays)	MCC (PLL-D; mean over assays)	MCC (PLL-D; median over assays)
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), CLS embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.664±0.001 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), CLS embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.602±0.001	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, AUC (mean over assays), RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.540±0.035	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, AUC (median over assays), RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.535	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, MCC (mean over assays), RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.064±0.059	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, MCC (median over assays), RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.044
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, SR (mean over assays), RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.077±0.061	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, SR (median over assays), RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.067	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, F1 score (mean over structures), TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	0.017±0.021 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, F1 score (median over structures), TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.01	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (mean over structures), TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.001±0.024 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures), TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.003 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures), attention, F1 score (mean over structures), TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	0.011±0.011	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures), attention, F1 score (median over structures), TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.011 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures), attention, MCC (mean over structures), TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	-0.002±0.018	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures), TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.003 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, 1 − OR (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.324±0.004 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	0.511±0.001 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, F1 (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.661±0.001 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, MCC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.085±0.002 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), FFT embedding, 1 − OR (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.237±0.002	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	0.503±0.001	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), FFT embedding, F1 (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.654±0.001	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), FFT embedding, MCC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.027±0.001	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), CLS embedding, 1 − OR (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.390±0.001 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), CLS embedding, F1 (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.668±0.001 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), CLS embedding, MCC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.096±0.002 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), CLS embedding, 1 − OR (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.268±0.001	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), CLS embedding, F1 (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.667±0.000	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), CLS embedding, MCC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs), ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.001±0.001	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported

All 30 result rows with coverage, uncertainty and sources

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Tested model or methodProtocolDatasetEvaluation setupMetricEvidence origin

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Exact evaluated configurations and original reported results
Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	Finding	Evidence and details
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.540±0.035 AUROC (PLL-D; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.035 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (PLL-D, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t11-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 11, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, AUC (median over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.535 AUROC (PLL-D; median over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (PLL-D, AUC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t11-auc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 11, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'AUC' (Median)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.064±0.059 MCC (PLL-D; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.059 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (PLL-D, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t11-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 11, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, MCC (median over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.044 MCC (PLL-D; median over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (PLL-D, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t11-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 11, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'MCC' (Median)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, SR (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.077±0.061 Absolute spearman correlation (PLL-D; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.061 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (PLL-D, SR, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t11-sr-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 11, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'SR' (Mean ± Std)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), PLL-D, SR (median over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.067 Absolute spearman correlation (PLL-D; median over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (PLL-D, SR, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t11-sr-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 11, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'SR' (Median)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, F1 score (mean over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.017±0.021 F1 (attention; mean over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.021 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, F1 score, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-f1-score-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'F1 score' (Mean ± Std)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, F1 score (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.01 F1 (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, F1 score, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-f1-score-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'F1 score' (Median)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (mean over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.001±0.024 MCC (attention; mean over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.024 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS test set (70 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS test set (70 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.003 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS test set (70 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t4-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 4, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'MCC' (Median)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures), attention, F1 score (mean over structures) Dataset: TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.011±0.011 F1 (attention; mean over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.011 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (attention, F1 score, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t5-f1-score-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 5, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'F1 score' (Mean ± Std)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures), attention, F1 score (median over structures) Dataset: TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.011 F1 (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (attention, F1 score, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t5-f1-score-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 5, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'F1 score' (Median)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures), attention, MCC (mean over structures) Dataset: TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	-0.002±0.018 MCC (attention; mean over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.018 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t5-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 5, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot secondary structure, TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures), attention, MCC (median over structures) Dataset: TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.003 MCC (attention; median over structures) unitless · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot secondary structure on TS-Hard test set (15 PDB structures) (attention, MCC, median) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t5-mcc-median Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 5, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'MCC' (Median)
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, 1 − OR (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.324±0.004 One minus overlap ratio (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.004 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, 1 − OR, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-1-or-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*DNABERT (k=6)', column '1 − OR'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.511±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*DNABERT (k=6)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, F1 (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.661±0.001 F1 (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, F1, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-f1-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*DNABERT (k=6)', column 'F1'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, MCC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.085±0.002 MCC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.002 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, MCC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-mcc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*DNABERT (k=6)', column 'MCC'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), FFT embedding, 1 − OR (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.237±0.002 One minus overlap ratio (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.002 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot RNA type classification on ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (FFT embedding, 1 − OR, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t7-1-or-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 7, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column '1 − OR'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.503±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot RNA type classification on ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t7-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 7, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), FFT embedding, F1 (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.654±0.001 F1 (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot RNA type classification on ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (FFT embedding, F1, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t7-f1-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 7, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'F1'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot RNA type classification, ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs), FFT embedding, MCC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.027±0.001 MCC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot RNA type classification on ArchiveII-Nr (1273 RNAs) (FFT embedding, MCC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t7-mcc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 7, row 'DNABERT (k=6)', column 'MCC'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), CLS embedding, 1 − OR (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.390±0.001 One minus overlap ratio (CLS embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (CLS embedding, 1 − OR, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t8-1-or-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 8, row '*DNABERT (k=6)', column '1 − OR'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), CLS embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.664±0.001 AUROC (CLS embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (CLS embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t8-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 8, row '*DNABERT (k=6)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), CLS embedding, F1 (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.668±0.001 F1 (CLS embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (CLS embedding, F1, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t8-f1-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 8, row '*DNABERT (k=6)', column 'F1'

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Stable ID: lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-config-dnabert-k-6-wang2026

areas: rna-transcriptomes
contexts: research
method types: foundation_model
reported name: DNABERT (k=6)
foundation model eligible: true
parameters: Pretrained weights used without fine-tuning (zero-shot); attention maps, embeddings or token logits read out as described in the Methods
access reuse: Public download location listed in Supplementary Table 1
source locator: Supplementary Table 1 row 'DNABERT'
checkpoint: https://github.com/jerryji1993/DNABERT (downloaded 2024/9/27; version column '3-new-12w-0 (k=3)/6-new-12w-0 (k=6)'; variant label in results tables 'k=6')
version: k=6

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