Protocol

Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs)

Zero-shot: cosine similarity of FFT-reduced last-hidden-state embeddings; AUC reported as mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs (Supplementary Table 6).

37 evaluations · 37 results

Overview

An explanatory profile has not yet been reviewed for this record.

Consult the linked sources for architecture or protocol details. Missing evidence is not evidence of a missing capability.

37 recorded evaluations, 37 metric rows. A comparison chart has not yet been validated for these results. The table retains the individual findings and their sources.

View coverage and remaining gaps across all benchmarks

Results

Results are available, but no reviewed comparison panel is linked in this release.

All evaluations

37 evaluations · 37 results. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) · Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)

Sorted by AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) (higher is better). The best value in each column is highlighted. Decimals are rounded for display; each value links to the printed value and its source.

Tested configuration	AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs)
ProtRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.953±0.000 (best in column)
RNA-FM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.953±0.001 (best in column)
AIDO.RNA (650M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.944±0.001
AIDO.RNA (1.6B) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.931±0.001
ERNIE-RNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.909±0.001
RiNALMo (giga) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.896±0.001
LAMAR (4k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.862±0.001
BiRNA-BERT (NUC) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.854±0.000
RNAErnie (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.854±0.001
Uni-RNA (L8) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.852±0.001
Uni-RNA (L12) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.849±0.000
LAMAR (2k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.842±0.001
RNA-km (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.830±0.001
LucaOne (D17.6M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.828±0.001
Uni-RNA (L16) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.828±0.001
RiNALMo (micro) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.819±0.001
BiRNA-BERT (BPE) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.806±0.001
UTR_LM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.801±0.000
MP-RNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.792±0.000
DGRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.781±0.001
DNABERT (k=3) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.779±0.002
PlantRNA-FM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.779±0.002
RNABERT (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.777±0.002
LucaOne (D36.0M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.772±0.001
NT (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.772±0.001
SpliceBERT (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.762±0.001
RiNALMo (mega) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.758±0.001
3UTRBERT (K3) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.740±0.001
3UTRBERT (K4) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.691±0.001
RFamLlama (Large) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.685±0.001
3UTRBERT (K6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.670±0.001
RFamLlama (Base) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.660±0.001
DNABERT-2 (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.655±0.001
LucaOne (G36.8M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.652±0.002
GenerRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.561±0.002
3UTRBERT (K5) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.521±0.001
DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)Evaluation	0.511±0.001

All 37 result rows with coverage, uncertainty and sources

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Tested model or methodProtocolDatasetEvaluation setupMetricEvidence origin

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Exact evaluated configurations and original reported results
Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	Finding	Evidence and details
Configuration: 3UTRBERT (K3) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.740±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source 3UTRBERT (K3) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*3UTRBERT (K3)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: 3UTRBERT (K4) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.691±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source 3UTRBERT (K4) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*3UTRBERT (K4)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: 3UTRBERT (K5) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.521±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source 3UTRBERT (K5) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*3UTRBERT (K5)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: 3UTRBERT (K6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.670±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source 3UTRBERT (K6) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*3UTRBERT (K6)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: AIDO.RNA (1.6B) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.931±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source AIDO.RNA (1.6B) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'AIDO.RNA (1.6B)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: AIDO.RNA (650M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.944±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source AIDO.RNA (650M) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'AIDO.RNA (650M)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: BiRNA-BERT (BPE) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.806±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source BiRNA-BERT (BPE) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'BiRNA-BERT (BPE)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: BiRNA-BERT (NUC) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.854±0.000 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.000 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source BiRNA-BERT (NUC) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'BiRNA-BERT (NUC)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: DGRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.781±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DGRNA zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'DGRNA', column 'AUC'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.655±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'DNABERT-2', column 'AUC'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=3) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.779±0.002 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.002 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=3) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*DNABERT (k=3)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: DNABERT (k=6) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.511±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source DNABERT (k=6) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row '*DNABERT (k=6)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: ERNIE-RNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.909±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ERNIE-RNA zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'ERNIE-RNA', column 'AUC'
Configuration: GenerRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.561±0.002 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.002 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source GenerRNA zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'GenerRNA', column 'AUC'
Configuration: LAMAR (2k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.842±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source LAMAR (2k) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'LAMAR (2k)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: LAMAR (4k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.862±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source LAMAR (4k) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'LAMAR (4k)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: LucaOne (D17.6M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.828±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source LucaOne (D17.6M) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'LucaOne (D17.6M)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: LucaOne (D36.0M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.772±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source LucaOne (D36.0M) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'LucaOne (D36.0M)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: LucaOne (G36.8M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.652±0.002 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.002 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source LucaOne (G36.8M) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'LucaOne (G36.8M)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: MP-RNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.792±0.000 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.000 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source MP-RNA zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'MP-RNA', column 'AUC'
Configuration: NT (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.772±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source NT zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'NT', column 'AUC'
Configuration: PlantRNA-FM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.779±0.002 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.002 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source PlantRNA-FM zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'PlantRNA-FM', column 'AUC'
Configuration: ProtRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.953±0.000 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.000 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ProtRNA zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'ProtRNA', column 'AUC'
Configuration: RFamLlama (Base) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.660±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source RFamLlama (Base) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'RFamLlama (Base)', column 'AUC'
Configuration: RFamLlama (Large) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026)	Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot family classification, RfamSample (561 Rfam families), FFT embedding, AUC (mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs) Dataset: RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (Wang et al. 2026)	0.685±0.001 AUROC (FFT embedding; mean over random samplings of sequence pairs) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.001 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source RFamLlama (Large) zero-shot family classification on RfamSample (561 Rfam families) (FFT embedding, AUC, sampled-mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 6, row 'RFamLlama (Large)', column 'AUC'

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Reference methods help show what a model adds beyond simple controls. We track a null control and a conventional method for each protocol.

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External evaluations: 37

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Null control

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Protocol coverage CSV (gzip) · Model evaluation matrix (gzip) · Source table (gzip) · Release and checksums (gzip)

Coverage is derived from release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6. Source citations describe the original records; they do not validate an unreviewed baseline proposal. No results have been generated by this audit.

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Evidence table

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Claims, original sources and review scope · Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6
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Sources and history

Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6 · Record review: source checked

2 source records and release history

Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information · Original source · bbag098_supplymentary_information_20260209.docx from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC12963973
Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Original source · Briefings in Bioinformatics 2026, bbag098 (issue date 2026-03-01); PMC12963973 full-text XML

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Technical metadata and extraction receipts

Stable ID: lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t6-auc-sampled-mean

areas: rna-transcriptomes
contexts: research
protocol: Zero-shot: cosine similarity of FFT-reduced last-hidden-state embeddings. Metric AUC, mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs.
version: Wang et al. 2026
metric: auroc
metric direction: higher
unit: unitless
metric qualifier: FFT embedding; mean over repeated random samplings of sequence pairs
source locator: Supplementary Table 6 caption and column 'AUC'; main text Methods
limitations: Zero-shot only; no fine-tuning or task head.; Classification metrics are computed on cosine similarities of sampled homologous versus non-homologous pairs; the threshold used for F1 and MCC is not stated.

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