| Configuration: AIDO.RNA (1.6B) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.171±0.115 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.115 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceAIDO.RNA (1.6B) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'AIDO.RNA (1.6B)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: AIDO.RNA (650M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.152±0.126 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.126 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceAIDO.RNA (650M) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'AIDO.RNA (650M)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: DGRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.176±0.116 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.116 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceDGRNA zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'DGRNA', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LAMAR (2k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.072±0.059 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.059 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLAMAR (2k) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LAMAR (2k)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LAMAR (4k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.104±0.086 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.086 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLAMAR (4k) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LAMAR (4k)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LucaOne (D17.6M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.087±0.077 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.077 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLucaOne (D17.6M) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LucaOne (D17.6M)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LucaOne (D36.0M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.097±0.086 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.086 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLucaOne (D36.0M) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LucaOne (D36.0M)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LucaOne (G36.8M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.089±0.077 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.077 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLucaOne (G36.8M) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LucaOne (G36.8M)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: MP-RNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.165±0.105 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.105 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceMP-RNA zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'MP-RNA', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: PlantRNA-FM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.141±0.098 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.098 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourcePlantRNA-FM zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'PlantRNA-FM', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: ProtRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.074±0.057 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.057 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceProtRNA zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'ProtRNA', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RiNALMo (giga) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.137±0.118 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.118 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRiNALMo (giga) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RiNALMo (giga)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RiNALMo (mega) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.141±0.108 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.108 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRiNALMo (mega) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RiNALMo (mega)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RiNALMo (micro) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.137±0.112 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.112 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRiNALMo (micro) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RiNALMo (micro)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RNA-FM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.168±0.125 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.125 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRNA-FM zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RNA-FM', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RNABERT (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.071±0.067 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.067 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRNABERT zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RNABERT', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RNAErnie (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.125±0.105 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.105 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRNAErnie zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RNAErnie', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: SpliceBERT (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.194±0.109 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.109 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceSpliceBERT zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'SpliceBERT', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: Uni-RNA (L12) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.138±0.117 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.117 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceUni-RNA (L12) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'Uni-RNA (L12)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: Uni-RNA (L16) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.140±0.113 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.113 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceUni-RNA (L16) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'Uni-RNA (L16)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: Uni-RNA (L8) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.149±0.102 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.102 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceUni-RNA (L8) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'Uni-RNA (L8)', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: UTR_LM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, MCC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.084±0.066 MCC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.066 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceUTR_LM zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, MCC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-mcc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'UTR_LM', column 'MCC' (Mean ± Std) |
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