| Configuration: AIDO.RNA (1.6B) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.617±0.079 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.079 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceAIDO.RNA (1.6B) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'AIDO.RNA (1.6B)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: AIDO.RNA (650M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.606±0.088 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.088 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceAIDO.RNA (650M) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'AIDO.RNA (650M)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: DGRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.620±0.077 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.077 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceDGRNA zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'DGRNA', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LAMAR (2k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.547±0.039 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.039 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLAMAR (2k) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LAMAR (2k)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LAMAR (4k) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.570±0.059 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.059 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLAMAR (4k) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LAMAR (4k)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LucaOne (D17.6M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.562±0.052 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.052 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLucaOne (D17.6M) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LucaOne (D17.6M)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LucaOne (D36.0M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.568±0.058 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.058 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLucaOne (D36.0M) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LucaOne (D36.0M)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: LucaOne (G36.8M) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.563±0.053 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.053 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceLucaOne (G36.8M) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'LucaOne (G36.8M)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: MP-RNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.617±0.076 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.076 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceMP-RNA zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'MP-RNA', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: PlantRNA-FM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.593±0.071 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.071 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourcePlantRNA-FM zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'PlantRNA-FM', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: ProtRNA (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.553±0.037 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.037 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceProtRNA zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'ProtRNA', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RiNALMo (giga) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.587±0.079 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.079 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRiNALMo (giga) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RiNALMo (giga)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RiNALMo (mega) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.588±0.073 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.073 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRiNALMo (mega) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RiNALMo (mega)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RiNALMo (micro) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.586±0.076 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.076 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRiNALMo (micro) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RiNALMo (micro)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RNA-FM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.609±0.081 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.081 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRNA-FM zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RNA-FM', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RNABERT (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.549±0.046 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.046 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRNABERT zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RNABERT', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: RNAErnie (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.581±0.071 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.071 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceRNAErnie zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'RNAErnie', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: SpliceBERT (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.631±0.074 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.074 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceSpliceBERT zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'SpliceBERT', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: Uni-RNA (L12) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.582±0.081 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.081 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceUni-RNA (L12) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'Uni-RNA (L12)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: Uni-RNA (L16) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.584±0.080 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.080 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceUni-RNA (L16) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'Uni-RNA (L16)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: Uni-RNA (L8) (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.591±0.076 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.076 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceUni-RNA (L8) zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'Uni-RNA (L8)', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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| Configuration: UTR_LM (zero-shot, Wang et al. 2026) | Protocol: Wang et al. 2026 zero-shot fitness, RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays), WT-LLR, AUC (mean over assays) Dataset: RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (Wang et al. 2026) | 0.558±0.049 AUROC (WT-LLR; mean over assays) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.049 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Independent external evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceUTR_LM zero-shot fitness on RNAGym ncRNA DMS assays (31 assays) (WT-LLR, AUC, mean) lit-rna-20261011-rnalm-zeroshot-protocol-t10-auc-mean Aggregation: Not reported Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models: Supplementary Information; Zero-shot benchmarking of RNA language models in structural, functional, and evolutionary learning · Supplementary Table 10, row 'UTR_LM', column 'AUC' (Mean ± Std) |
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