Protocol

Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2)

Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of each blood-based test for the clinically adjudicated causative or possibly causative pathogens, overall and by pathogen class, with 95% intervals.

4 evaluations · 80 results

Overview

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Consult the linked sources for architecture or protocol details. Missing evidence is not evidence of a missing capability.

4 recorded evaluations, 80 metric rows. A comparison chart has not yet been validated for these results. The table retains the individual findings and their sources.

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Results

Results are available, but no reviewed comparison panel is linked in this release.

All evaluations

4 evaluations · 80 results. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) · Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)

Sorted by Accuracy (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) (higher is better). The best value in each column is highlighted. Decimals are rounded for display; each value links to the printed value and its source.

Tested configuration	Accuracy (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Accuracy (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Accuracy (patient level; gram-negative bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Accuracy (patient level; gram-positive bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Negative predictive value (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Negative predictive value (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Negative predictive value (patient level; gram-negative bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Negative predictive value (patient level; gram-positive bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Precision (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Precision (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Precision (patient level; gram-negative bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Precision (patient level; gram-positive bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Recall (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Recall (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Recall (patient level; gram-negative bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Recall (patient level; gram-positive bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Specificity (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Specificity (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Specificity (patient level; gram-negative bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)	Specificity (patient level; gram-positive bacterial pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis)
Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026Evaluation	60.7% (best in column)	73%	60.7%	82.8%	17.4%	71.4%	50.6%	85.2% (best in column)	86.8%	90%	79.1%	64.3%	63.5% (best in column)	21.9%	46.6% (best in column)	36% (best in column)	44.4%	98.8%	81.6%	94.8%
Conventional microbiological tests (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026Evaluation	54.9%	77% (best in column)	62.3% (best in column)	84.4% (best in column)	23.2% (best in column)	74.8% (best in column)	51.8% (best in column)	83.6%	96.2%	93.3% (best in column)	86.5%	100% (best in column)	49%	34.1% (best in column)	43.8%	24%	88.9%	98.8%	89.8%	100% (best in column)
Blood metagenomic NGS (Illumina NextSeq 550; Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026Evaluation	39.3%	69.7%	50.8%	80.3%	14.1%	69.3%	44.9%	80.7%	84.1%	75%	93.3%	66.7%	35.6%	14.6%	19.2%	8%	61.1%	97.5%	98%	99%
Blood culture (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026Evaluation	22.9%	66.4%	47.5%	80.3%	16.1%	66.4%	43.4%	80.2%	100% (best in column)	0%	100% (best in column)	100% (best in column)	9.62%	0%	12.3%	4%	100% (best in column)	100% (best in column)	100% (best in column)	100% (best in column)

All 80 result rows with coverage, uncertainty and sources

Filter evaluations

Tested model or methodProtocolDatasetEvaluation setupMetricEvidence origin

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Exact evaluated configurations and original reported results
Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	Finding	Evidence and details
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	60.7% Accuracy (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 51.79 to 68.87 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'Accuracy (95%CI)'
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	17.4% Negative predictive value (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 9.09 to 30.72 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'NPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	86.8% Precision (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 77.45 to 92.69 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'PPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	63.5% Recall (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 53.88 to 72.08 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'Sensitivity (95%CI)'
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	44.4% Specificity (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 24.56 to 66.28 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'Specificity (95%CI)'
Configuration: Conventional microbiological tests (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	54.9% Accuracy (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 46.07 to 63.46 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source CMTs against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'CMTs', column 'Accuracy (95%CI)'
Configuration: Conventional microbiological tests (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	23.2% Negative predictive value (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 14.81 to 34.40 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source CMTs against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'CMTs', column 'NPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Conventional microbiological tests (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	96.2% Precision (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 87.25 to 98.96 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source CMTs against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'CMTs', column 'PPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Conventional microbiological tests (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	49% Recall (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 39.64 to 58.51 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source CMTs against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'CMTs', column 'Sensitivity (95%CI)'
Configuration: Conventional microbiological tests (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	88.9% Specificity (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 67.20 to 96.90 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source CMTs against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'CMTs', column 'Specificity (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood culture (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	22.9% Accuracy (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 16.38 to 31.17 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-culture only against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-culture only', column 'Accuracy (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood culture (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	16.1% Negative predictive value (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 10.41 to 23.98 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-culture only against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-culture only', column 'NPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood culture (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	100% Precision (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 72.25 to 100.00 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-culture only against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-culture only', column 'PPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood culture (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	9.62% Recall (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 5.31 to 16.80 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-culture only against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-culture only', column 'Sensitivity (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood culture (Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	100% Specificity (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 82.41 to 100.00 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-culture only against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-culture only', column 'Specificity (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood metagenomic NGS (Illumina NextSeq 550; Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	39.3% Accuracy (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 31.13 to 48.21 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-mNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-mNGS', column 'Accuracy (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood metagenomic NGS (Illumina NextSeq 550; Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	14.1% Negative predictive value (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 8.06 to 23.51 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-mNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-mNGS', column 'NPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood metagenomic NGS (Illumina NextSeq 550; Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	84.1% Precision (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 70.63 to 92.07 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-mNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-mNGS', column 'PPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood metagenomic NGS (Illumina NextSeq 550; Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	35.6% Recall (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 27.04 to 45.14 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-mNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-mNGS', column 'Sensitivity (95%CI)'
Configuration: Blood metagenomic NGS (Illumina NextSeq 550; Huang et al. 2026), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	61.1% Specificity (patient level; all pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 38.62 to 79.70 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-mNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'All pneumonia', row 'Blood-mNGS', column 'Specificity (95%CI)'
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	73% Accuracy (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 64.46 to 80.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'Fungal pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'Accuracy (95%CI)'
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	71.4% Negative predictive value (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 62.46 to 78.98 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'Fungal pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'NPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	90% Precision (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 59.58 to 98.21 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'Fungal pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'PPV (95%CI)'
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	21.9% Recall (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 12.00 to 36.71 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'Fungal pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'Sensitivity (95%CI)'
Configuration: Geneplus broad-spectrum targeted NGS of microbial cell-free DNA (bstNGS), as run in Huang et al. 2026	Protocol: Patient-level detection of causative pathogens in blood against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: 122 ICU patients with severe pneumonia-associated sepsis and paired blood and BALF (Huang et al. 2026)	98.8% Specificity (patient level; fungal pneumonia; reference: final clinical diagnosis) percent · higher Uncertainty: 95% CI 93.33 to 99.78 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source Blood-bstNGS against the final clinical diagnosis (Huang et al. 2026) dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis Aggregation: Not reported Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Table 2, stratum 'Fungal pneumonia', row 'Blood-bstNGS', column 'Specificity (95%CI)'

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Blood-based targeted sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA in severe pneumonia-associated sepsis · Original source · Respiratory Research 27:357, published 2026-06-24; PMC13584460 full-text XML

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Stable ID: dna-pathogen-20261011-huang2026-protocol-clinical-diagnosis

areas: microbes-communities
contexts: clinical_research
protocol: Reference: final clinical diagnosis by two ICU clinicians, a third on disagreement, and respiratory and laboratory medicine review, integrating symptoms, markers, pathology, imaging, standard-of-care tests and NGS results (BALF mNGS included). Patient-level 2x2 against that diagnosis for each stratum; McNemar tests against blood-bstNGS.
version: Table 2
source locator: Methods 'Clinical diagnosis' and 'Statistics'; Results 'Comparative diagnostic performance of blood-bstNGS as an alternative blood-based assay'
limitations: Incorporation bias: the reference was established primarily from BALF mNGS and CMT results (Methods 'Sample enrollment and standard-of-care microbiology testing' paragraph 3; Table 2 footnote), with clinical adjudication. CMTs is scored against a reference that contains it, which favours CMTs, and BALF mNGS is a sequencing assay on a different specimen.; Retrospective; 61 of 183 patients excluded for missing paired samples or information.; Unit counts are not printed; only percentages with intervals.

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