ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)

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Evaluations and results

8 evaluations · 8 results. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements

Sorted by R² (ACE2 binding; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) (higher is better). The best value in each column is highlighted. Decimals are rounded for display; each value links to the printed value and its source.

Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	R² (ACE2 binding; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen)	R² (ACE2 binding; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen)	R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen)	R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen)	RMSE (ACE2 binding; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen)	RMSE (ACE2 binding; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen)	RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen)	RMSE (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen)
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	PRIME ACE2 binding regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R²	-0.2449 ± 0.06	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	PRIME ACE2 binding regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	1.9777 ± 0.03	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R²	Not reported	Not reported	-0.0754 ± 0.04	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	1.1169 ± 0.02	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	PRIME ACE2 binding regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R²	Not reported	0.5788 ± 0.14	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	PRIME ACE2 binding regression, Random split over RBD mutants, RMSE	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	1.2167 ± 0.22	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R²	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.5409 ± 0.08	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, RMSE	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.6709 ± 0.06

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Exact evaluated configurations and original reported results
Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	Finding	Evidence and details
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME ACE2 binding regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	-0.2449 ± 0.06 R² (ACE2 binding; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.06 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: ACE2 binding R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-binding-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Binding' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME ACE2 binding regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.9777 ± 0.03 RMSE (ACE2 binding; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.03 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: ACE2 binding RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-binding-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Binding' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	-0.0754 ± 0.04 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.1169 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME ACE2 binding regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.5788 ± 0.14 R² (ACE2 binding; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.14 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: ACE2 binding R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-binding-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Binding' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME ACE2 binding regression, Random split over RBD mutants, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.2167 ± 0.22 RMSE (ACE2 binding; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.22 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: ACE2 binding RMSE, Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-binding-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Binding' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.5409 ± 0.08 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.08 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6709 ± 0.06 RMSE (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.06 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'

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Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6 · Record review: source checked

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PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Original source · Version of record, BMC Genomics 2026 (PMC13425921 JATS full text)

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Technical metadata and extraction receipts

Stable ID: lit-protein-20261011-prime-config-esm-2-150m-cls-frozen

areas: protein-function
contexts: research
method types: foundation_model
reported name: ESM-2 150M
version: ESM-2 150M
representation: the CLS token embedding
training setting: None; frozen representations
foundation model eligible: true
source locator: Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×'

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