PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE; As published 2026

Overview

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21 recorded evaluations, 21 metric rows. A comparison chart has not yet been validated for these results. The table retains the individual findings and their sources.

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Results

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All evaluations

21 evaluations · 21 results. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE · Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements

Sorted by RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) (lower is better). The best value in each column is highlighted. Decimals are rounded for display; each value links to the printed value and its source.

Tested configuration	RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned)	RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen)	RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned)	RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen)	RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; one-hot mean representation)
ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	0.9922 ± 0.01 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	1.0265 ± 0.02	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	1.0869 ± 0.03	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	1.1756 ± 0.01	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	1.2480 ± 0.02	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	1.1169 ± 0.02	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	1.0165 ± 0.02	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	1.0649 ± 0.02	Not reported
ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	1.0781 ± 0.01 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	1.0336 ± 0.02	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	1.0807 ± 0.01	Not reported
ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	1.0916 ± 0.02	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	1.0213 ± 0.03	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	1.0221 ± 0.01 (best in column)	Not reported
ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	1.0924 ± 0.02	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	0.9449 ± 0.01	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	1.0410 ± 0.01	Not reported
ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	1.0823 ± 0.01	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	0.9334 ± 0.02 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	1.0398 ± 0.02	Not reported
One-hot mean representation (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	1.1675 ± 0.00

All 21 result rows with coverage, uncertainty and sources

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Exact evaluated configurations and original reported results
Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	Finding	Evidence and details
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.2480 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.1169 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0165 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M Mean finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0649 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M Mean frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0869 ± 0.03 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.03 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 650M CLS finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0781 ± 0.01 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 650M CLS frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0336 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 650M Mean finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0807 ± 0.01 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 650M Mean frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.1756 ± 0.01 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 8M CLS finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0916 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 8M CLS frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0213 ± 0.03 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.03 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 8M Mean finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0221 ± 0.01 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 8M Mean frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0265 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 300M CLS finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0924 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 300M CLS frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.9449 ± 0.01 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 300M Mean finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0410 ± 0.01 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 300M Mean frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.9922 ± 0.01 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 600M CLS finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0823 ± 0.01 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 600M CLS frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.9334 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 600M Mean finetuned: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.0398 ± 0.02 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 600M Mean frozen: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
Configuration: One-hot mean representation (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, RMSE Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	1.1675 ± 0.00 RMSE (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; one-hot mean representation) unit-unreported · lower Uncertainty: SD 0.00 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source One-Hot Mean: RBD expression RMSE, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'One-Hot Mean', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'

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PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Original source · Version of record, BMC Genomics 2026 (PMC13425921 JATS full text)

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Stable ID: lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-rmse

areas: protein-function
contexts: research
protocol: Representations of RBD mutants are fed to a supervised regression head and scored on held-out data under the position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions. Binding and expression are predicted jointly by one multi-task fully connected network over the representations (Methods, Input features), so the two targets are not independent runs.
metric: root-mean-squared-error
metric direction: lower
unit: unit-unreported
metric qualifier: RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions
version: As published 2026
source locator: Table 1, columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'RMSE'
limitations: Table 1 prints no unit for RMSE; the measurement scale is the assay's own.
uncertainty reporting: printed: mean plus or minus standard deviation across random seeds; runs: Five folds (Fig. 1C) and three seeds (Methods) are stated; which the printed spread is taken over is not

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