PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R²; As published 2026

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21 recorded evaluations, 21 metric rows. A comparison chart has not yet been validated for these results. The table retains the individual findings and their sources.

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Results

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All evaluations

21 evaluations · 21 results. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² · Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements

Sorted by R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) (higher is better). The best value in each column is highlighted. Decimals are rounded for display; each value links to the printed value and its source.

Tested configuration	R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned)	R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen)	R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned)	R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen)	R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; one-hot mean representation)
ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	0.6758 ± 0.10 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	0.6678 ± 0.07	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	0.5388 ± 0.21	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	0.5302 ± 0.03	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	0.3354 ± 0.45	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	0.5409 ± 0.08	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	0.6693 ± 0.04	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.6131 ± 0.07	Not reported
ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	0.7139 ± 0.13 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	0.7354 ± 0.11 (best in column)	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.7337 ± 0.15 (best in column)	Not reported
ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	0.5984 ± 0.07	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	0.5545 ± 0.07	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.6576 ± 0.04	Not reported
ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	0.6026 ± 0.08	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	0.7165 ± 0.06	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.6546 ± 0.04	Not reported
ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	0.6030 ± 0.09	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	0.7342 ± 0.06	Not reported	Not reported
ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.6610 ± 0.08	Not reported
One-hot mean representation (PRIME)Evaluation	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	0.0617 ± 0.02

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Exact evaluated configurations and original reported results
Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	Finding	Evidence and details
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.3354 ± 0.45 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.45 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.5409 ± 0.08 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.08 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6693 ± 0.04 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6131 ± 0.07 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.07 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 150M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6758 ± 0.10 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.10 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 650M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.7139 ± 0.13 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.13 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 650M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.7354 ± 0.11 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.11 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 650M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.7337 ± 0.15 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.15 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 650M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.5302 ± 0.03 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.03 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 8M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.5984 ± 0.07 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.07 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 8M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.5545 ± 0.07 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.07 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 8M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6576 ± 0.04 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-2 8M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6678 ± 0.07 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.07 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 300M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6026 ± 0.08 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.08 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 300M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.7165 ± 0.06 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.06 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 300M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6546 ± 0.04 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 300M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.5388 ± 0.21 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.21 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 600M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6030 ± 0.09 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.09 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 600M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.7342 ± 0.06 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.06 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 600M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.6610 ± 0.08 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.08 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source ESM-C 600M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
Configuration: One-hot mean representation (PRIME)	Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Random split over RBD mutants, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements	0.0617 ± 0.02 R² (RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants; one-hot mean representation) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Methods, coverage and source One-Hot Mean: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'One-Hot Mean', columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'

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Author-reported evaluations: 21

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PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Original source · Version of record, BMC Genomics 2026 (PMC13425921 JATS full text)

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Technical metadata and extraction receipts

Stable ID: lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-random-expression-r2

areas: protein-function
contexts: research
protocol: Representations of RBD mutants are fed to a supervised regression head and scored on held-out data under the random split over rbd mutants. Binding and expression are predicted jointly by one multi-task fully connected network over the representations (Methods, Input features), so the two targets are not independent runs.
metric: coefficient-of-determination
metric direction: higher
unit: unitless
metric qualifier: RBD expression; Random split over RBD mutants
version: As published 2026
source locator: Table 1, columns 'Random Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²'
limitations: None recorded
uncertainty reporting: printed: mean plus or minus standard deviation across random seeds; runs: Five folds (Fig. 1C) and three seeds (Methods) are stated; which the printed spread is taken over is not

Related records

part of: PRIME viral mutation-space evaluation
uses data: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements
assessment: ESM-2 150M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 150M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 150M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 150M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 650M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 650M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 650M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 650M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 8M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 8M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 8M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-2 8M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-C 300M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-C 300M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-C 300M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-C 300M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-C 600M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-C 600M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-C 600M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: ESM-C 600M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants
assessment: One-Hot Mean: RBD expression R², Random split over RBD mutants