| Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.3805 ± 0.04 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 150M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.0754 ± 0.04 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 150M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.1039 ± 0.04 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 150M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 150M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.0195 ± 0.03 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.03 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 150M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 150M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.0175 ± 0.06 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.06 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 650M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.0004 ± 0.03 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.03 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 650M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.0779 ± 0.04 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 650M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 650M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.0103 ± 0.03 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.03 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 650M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 650M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.1928 ± 0.02 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 8M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.0324 ± 0.05 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.05 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 8M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.1013 ± 0.06 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.06 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 8M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-2 8M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.0967 ± 0.02 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-2 8M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-2 8M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.0916 ± 0.02 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-C 300M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.0313 ± 0.04 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.04 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-C 300M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.2313 ± 0.01 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-C 300M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-C 300M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.0647 ± 0.02 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-C 300M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 300M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.1478 ± 0.01 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-C 600M CLS finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'CLS' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the CLS token embedding, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.0167 ± 0.03 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the CLS token embedding, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.03 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-C 600M CLS frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'CLS' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.2479 ± 0.02 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, fine-tuned) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-C 600M Mean finetuned: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'Mean' / '✓', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: ESM-C 600M, the mean over residue embeddings, not fine-tuned (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | 0.0666 ± 0.02 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; the mean over residue embeddings, frozen) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.02 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceESM-C 600M Mean frozen: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'ESM-C 600M' / 'Mean' / '×', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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| Configuration: One-hot mean representation (PRIME) | Protocol: PRIME RBD expression regression, Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions, R² Dataset: SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutant binding and expression measurements | -0.1774 ± 0.01 R² (RBD expression; Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions; one-hot mean representation) unitless · higher Uncertainty: SD 0.01 Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible | Author-reported evaluation · Source checkedMethods, coverage and sourceOne-Hot Mean: RBD expression R², Position-stratified split holding out whole mutated positions lit-protein-20261011-prime-protocol-position-stratified-expression-r2 Aggregation: Not reported PRIME: An evaluation framework for protein representation inference and generalization in viral mutation space · Table 1, row 'One-Hot Mean', columns 'Position-Stratified Split' / 'Expression' / 'R²' |
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