rewirebio.iobenchmarks
Dataset

Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)

Upper respiratory tract samples submitted for routine multiplex PCR in Oxford during winter 2024/25, each sequenced once.

Evaluation results

2 evaluations · 14 results. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

Filter evaluations

Applied filters: All linked evaluations

Exact evaluated configurations and original reported results
Tested configurationProtocol and datasetFindingEvidence and details
Configuration: Alternative post-hoc detection criterion (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
58% Recall (all PCR targets; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 52 to 64

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Alternative post-hoc detection criterion on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraph 6: "increased sensitivity to 58% (95% CI 52-64%; 159/274)"
Configuration: Alternative post-hoc detection criterion (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
83% Recall (targets with study qPCR Ct < 35; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 76 to 88

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Alternative post-hoc detection criterion on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Performance by viral load (Cn,Ct)' paragraph 2: "increased further to 83% (95% CI, 76-88%) when restricting to qPCR Ct <35"
Configuration: Alternative post-hoc detection criterion (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
75% Recall (targets detectable by study qPCR; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 68 to 81

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Alternative post-hoc detection criterion on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Performance by viral load (Cn,Ct)' paragraph 2: "sensitivity increased to 75% (95% CI, 68-81%)"
Configuration: Alternative post-hoc detection criterion (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
70% Recall (RNA pathogen targets excluding rhinovirus and enterovirus; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 63 to 76

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Alternative post-hoc detection criterion on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Performance by pathogen' paragraph 2 (after Figure 6 and its legend): "increased overall sensitivity using the alternative criteria further to 70% (145/207) (95% CI 63%-76%)"
Configuration: Alternative post-hoc detection criterion (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
61% Recall (RNA pathogen targets only (adenovirus and bacteria excluded); target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 55 to 67

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Alternative post-hoc detection criterion on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Performance by pathogen' paragraph 2 (after Figure 6 and its legend): "increased sensitivity using the alternative criteria to 61% (159/260) (95% CI 55-67%)"
Configuration: Alternative post-hoc detection criterion (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
99.9% Specificity (all PCR targets; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 99.8 to 100

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Alternative post-hoc detection criterion on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraph 6: "improved specificity to 99.9% (95% CI 99.8-100%; 4015/4017)"
Configuration: Pre-specified detection criteria (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
127 False negatives (all PCR targets; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
count · lower

Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: No interval printed with this value

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Pre-specified detection criteria on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraph 4: "There were 127 false-negative results"
Configuration: Pre-specified detection criteria (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
nine False positives (all PCR targets; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
count · lower

Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: No interval printed with this value

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Pre-specified detection criteria on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraph 5: "There were nine false-positive pathogen detections by sequencing"
Configuration: Pre-specified detection criteria (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
51% Recall (all PCR targets; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 45 to 57

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Pre-specified detection criteria on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraph 4: "133/260 (51%, 95%CI: 45-57%) PCR-positive results (i.e. gold-standard positives) were also detected by sequencing"
Configuration: Pre-specified detection criteria (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
58% Recall (pathogen target: influenza A; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 40 to 75

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Pre-specified detection criteria on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Performance by pathogen' paragraph 1: "influenza A 58% (95% CI: 40-75%)"
Configuration: Pre-specified detection criteria (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
19% Recall (pathogen target: rhinovirus/enterovirus; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 8 to 29

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Pre-specified detection criteria on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Performance by pathogen' paragraph 1: "rhinovirus/enterovirus 19% (95% CI: 8-29%)"
Configuration: Pre-specified detection criteria (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
85% Recall (pathogen target: RSV; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 75 to 95

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Pre-specified detection criteria on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Performance by pathogen' paragraph 1: "RSV 85% (95% CI: 75-95%)"
Configuration: Pre-specified detection criteria (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
65% Recall (pathogen target: SARS-CoV-2; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: 95% CI 53 to 78

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Pre-specified detection criteria on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Performance by pathogen' paragraph 1: "SARS-CoV-2 65% (95% CI: 53-78%)"
Configuration: Pre-specified detection criteria (Sanderson et al. 2026)Protocol: Target-level detection of respiratory pathogens against routine multiplex PCR, validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Dataset: Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
99.8% Specificity (all PCR targets; target level; reference: routine multiplex PCR)
percent · higher

Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: No interval printed with this value

Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible

Author-reported evaluation · Source checked
Methods, coverage and source

Pre-specified detection criteria on the validation set (Sanderson et al. 2026)

rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-protocol-validation

Aggregation: Not reported

Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study · Results 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraph 5: "3901/3910 (99.8%) targets negative by PCR (as tested in the original assays) were also not detected from sequencing"

Source checking is not independent reproduction. Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6.

Research readiness

0 of 4 readiness checks met. These checks assess whether the evidence supports a reproducible investigation; a source-checked score alone does not meet them.

Readiness checks, gaps and artifacts

Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6 · Evidence verified: Not verified

Evidence incomplete

Replay metrics

Exact outcomes, predictions, identifiers and evaluator are connected.

Missing or unresolved evidence

  • No verified artifact manifest is linked to this exact record.
  • File checksums match the recorded files: not yet verified
  • Predictions are matched to the right samples: not yet verified
  • Score meaning and direction are confirmed: not yet verified
  • Metrics are recomputed from the saved predictions: not yet verified

Verified: Not verified

Evidence incomplete

Investigate discrepancies

Replay evidence includes annotations and an assessment of dependence. Unknown independence permits descriptive analysis only.

Missing or unresolved evidence

  • No verified artifact manifest is linked to this exact record.
  • File checksums match the recorded files: not yet verified
  • Predictions are matched to the right samples: not yet verified
  • Score meaning and direction are confirmed: not yet verified
  • Metrics are recomputed from the saved predictions: not yet verified
  • Sample annotations are recorded: not yet verified
  • Dependence between samples is assessed: not yet verified

Verified: Not verified

Evidence incomplete

Run locally

A pinned recipe describes the inputs, environment and resource requirements.

Missing or unresolved evidence

  • No verified artifact manifest is linked to this exact record.
  • File checksums match the recorded files: not yet verified
  • Predictions are matched to the right samples: not yet verified
  • Score meaning and direction are confirmed: not yet verified
  • A pinned run recipe exists: not yet verified
  • Compute requirements are estimated: not yet verified

Verified: Not verified

Evidence incomplete

Validate independently

Separate data and exposure records support an independent test.

Missing or unresolved evidence

  • No verified artifact manifest is linked to this exact record.
  • File checksums match the recorded files: not yet verified
  • Predictions are matched to the right samples: not yet verified
  • Score meaning and direction are confirmed: not yet verified
  • Independent validation data exist: not yet verified
  • Overlap with training data is checked: not yet verified

Verified: Not verified

Readiness describes the evidence in this release. Availability on your computer is checked separately when an investigation runs. Existing data exposure can prevent independent validation even when files are available.

Artifacts and reproduction

No verified artifact manifest is connected to this record yet. The gaps above identify what is needed before analysis can begin.

Dataset and evaluation context

A dataset supplies biological observations. The evaluation protocol defines how those observations are split, used and scored.

Evidence

Source checking verifies the cited claim or transcription. It does not establish independent reproduction.

Evidence table

Inspect claims, sources and review details

Trace each statement to its source and review. A context-only reference supports the record generally; it does not verify an individual field. Source checking does not reproduce an experiment.

One row per statement and cited source. Multiple citations are not independent evaluations. Shared locators are labelled explicitly.

8 evidence rows matching the loaded filters

Claims, original sources and review scope · Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6
Property and statementOriginal source and locationReview and provenance
Access
Not inspected
Context-only references
Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study

Original source ↗

Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4

Version: medRxiv 10.64898/2026.02.06.26345651 v2, posted 2026-02-26; JATS XML
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:38:13Z

not individually reviewed

No individual claim review recorded

Audit details

Field: attributes.access

Source artifact SHA-256: c0bc5c035742f53fe291e08b9d956102e102fd743a55de503f00bcaead36a7e2

Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record

Inspected artifact

Denominator
344
Context-only references
Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study

Original source ↗

Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4

Version: medRxiv 10.64898/2026.02.06.26345651 v2, posted 2026-02-26; JATS XML
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:38:13Z

not individually reviewed

No individual claim review recorded

Audit details

Field: attributes.denominator

Source artifact SHA-256: c0bc5c035742f53fe291e08b9d956102e102fd743a55de503f00bcaead36a7e2

Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record

Inspected artifact

Population
344 nose and throat swabs; 273 passed batch and internal QC; 260 PCR-positive targets and 38 PCR-negative samples among those passing QC; PCR by Alinity Resp-4-plex, Xpert Xpress CoV-2/Flu/RSV plus or BIOFIRE FilmArray RP2.1
Context-only references
Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study

Original source ↗

Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4

Version: medRxiv 10.64898/2026.02.06.26345651 v2, posted 2026-02-26; JATS XML
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:38:13Z

not individually reviewed

No individual claim review recorded

Audit details

Field: attributes.population

Source artifact SHA-256: c0bc5c035742f53fe291e08b9d956102e102fd743a55de503f00bcaead36a7e2

Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record

Inspected artifact

Source location
Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4
Context-only references
Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study

Original source ↗

Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4

Version: medRxiv 10.64898/2026.02.06.26345651 v2, posted 2026-02-26; JATS XML
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:38:13Z

not individually reviewed

No individual claim review recorded

Audit details

Field: attributes.source_locator

Source artifact SHA-256: c0bc5c035742f53fe291e08b9d956102e102fd743a55de503f00bcaead36a7e2

Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record

Inspected artifact

Split
Independent validation set; thresholds derived on a separate derivation set (38 samples, 104 sequences)
Context-only references
Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study

Original source ↗

Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4

Version: medRxiv 10.64898/2026.02.06.26345651 v2, posted 2026-02-26; JATS XML
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:38:13Z

not individually reviewed

No individual claim review recorded

Audit details

Field: attributes.split

Source artifact SHA-256: c0bc5c035742f53fe291e08b9d956102e102fd743a55de503f00bcaead36a7e2

Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record

Inspected artifact

Version
As described in Sanderson et al. 2026 v2
Context-only references
Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study

Original source ↗

Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4

Version: medRxiv 10.64898/2026.02.06.26345651 v2, posted 2026-02-26; JATS XML
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:38:13Z

not individually reviewed

No individual claim review recorded

Audit details

Field: attributes.version

Source artifact SHA-256: c0bc5c035742f53fe291e08b9d956102e102fd743a55de503f00bcaead36a7e2

Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record

Inspected artifact

Description
Upper respiratory tract samples submitted for routine multiplex PCR in Oxford during winter 2024/25, each sequenced once.
Context-only references
Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study

Original source ↗

Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4

Version: medRxiv 10.64898/2026.02.06.26345651 v2, posted 2026-02-26; JATS XML
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:38:13Z

not individually reviewed

No individual claim review recorded

Audit details

Field: description

Source artifact SHA-256: c0bc5c035742f53fe291e08b9d956102e102fd743a55de503f00bcaead36a7e2

Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record

Inspected artifact

Name
Validation set: 344 prospectively collected nasopharyngeal swabs (Sanderson et al. 2026)
Context-only references
Clinical validation of a novel metagenomic nanopore sequencing method for detecting viral respiratory pathogens: diagnostic accuracy study

Original source ↗

Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4

Version: medRxiv 10.64898/2026.02.06.26345651 v2, posted 2026-02-26; JATS XML
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:38:13Z

not individually reviewed

No individual claim review recorded

Audit details

Field: name

Source artifact SHA-256: c0bc5c035742f53fe291e08b9d956102e102fd743a55de503f00bcaead36a7e2

Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record

Inspected artifact

Sources and history

Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6 · Record review: source checked

1 source record and release historyDownload this release (gzip)
Technical metadata and extraction receipts

Stable ID: rna-pathogen-20261011-sanderson2026-data-validation

areas
microbes-communities
contexts
clinical_research
version
As described in Sanderson et al. 2026 v2
population
344 nose and throat swabs; 273 passed batch and internal QC; 260 PCR-positive targets and 38 PCR-negative samples among those passing QC; PCR by Alinity Resp-4-plex, Xpert Xpress CoV-2/Flu/RSV plus or BIOFIRE FilmArray RP2.1
split
Independent validation set; thresholds derived on a separate derivation set (38 samples, 104 sequences)
denominator
344
access
Not inspected
source locator
Methods 'Respiratory samples for pathogen detection'; Results paragraph 1 and 'Validation Set: Diagnostic performance' paragraphs 1-4
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