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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138 · Peer-reviewed

DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkag813

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Results

Values as the source printed them. Compare results only under compatible protocols, datasets and metrics.

ValueMetricModel or configurationDatasetEvaluation
70% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)AlphaFold3 3.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setAlphaFold3 on Monomeric RNA easy set (GDT-TS, success rate)
73.33% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)AlphaFold3 3.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setAlphaFold3 on Monomeric RNA easy set (INF, success rate)
24.14% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)AlphaFold3 3.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setAlphaFold3 on Monomeric RNA easy set (lDDT, success rate)
46.67% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)AlphaFold3 3.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setAlphaFold3 on Monomeric RNA easy set (TM-score, success rate)
46.94% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)AlphaFold3 3.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setAlphaFold3 on Monomeric RNA hard set (INF, success rate)
6.38% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)AlphaFold3 3.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setAlphaFold3 on Monomeric RNA hard set (lDDT, success rate)
4.08% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)AlphaFold3 3.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setAlphaFold3 on Monomeric RNA hard set (TM-score, success rate)
0.281 unitlessDockQ (mean per-interface DockQ, RNA-protein interfaces)AlphaFold3 3.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA complex set, easy and hard combinedAlphaFold3 on RNA complex set, easy and hard combined (RNA-protein)
0.406 unitlessDockQ (mean per-interface DockQ, RNA-RNA interfaces)AlphaFold3 3.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA complex set, easy and hard combinedAlphaFold3 on RNA complex set, easy and hard combined (RNA-RNA)
73.33% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setBoltz-1 on Monomeric RNA easy set (GDT-TS, success rate)
60% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setBoltz-1 on Monomeric RNA easy set (INF, success rate)
13.79% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setBoltz-1 on Monomeric RNA easy set (lDDT, success rate)
40% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setBoltz-1 on Monomeric RNA easy set (TM-score, success rate)
46.94% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setBoltz-1 on Monomeric RNA hard set (GDT-TS, success rate)
55.10% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setBoltz-1 on Monomeric RNA hard set (INF, success rate)
10.64% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setBoltz-1 on Monomeric RNA hard set (lDDT, success rate)
0% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setBoltz-1 on Monomeric RNA hard set (TM-score, success rate)
0.256 unitlessDockQ (mean per-interface DockQ, RNA-protein interfaces)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA complex set, easy and hard combinedBoltz-1 on RNA complex set, easy and hard combined (RNA-protein)
0.42 unitlessDockQ (mean per-interface DockQ, RNA-RNA interfaces)Boltz-1 0.4.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA complex set, easy and hard combinedBoltz-1 on RNA complex set, easy and hard combined (RNA-RNA)
53.33% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)Chai-1 0.6.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setChai-1 on Monomeric RNA easy set (GDT-TS, success rate)
63.33% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)Chai-1 0.6.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setChai-1 on Monomeric RNA easy set (INF, success rate)
20.69% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)Chai-1 0.6.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setChai-1 on Monomeric RNA easy set (lDDT, success rate)
30% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)Chai-1 0.6.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setChai-1 on Monomeric RNA easy set (TM-score, success rate)
38.78% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)Chai-1 0.6.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setChai-1 on Monomeric RNA hard set (GDT-TS, success rate)
42.86% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)Chai-1 0.6.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setChai-1 on Monomeric RNA hard set (INF, success rate)
4.26% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)Chai-1 0.6.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setChai-1 on Monomeric RNA hard set (lDDT, success rate)
2.04% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)Chai-1 0.6.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setChai-1 on Monomeric RNA hard set (TM-score, success rate)
40% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)DeepFoldRNA 1.0 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setDeepFoldRNA on Monomeric RNA easy set (TM-score, success rate)
0% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)DeepFoldRNA 1.0 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setDeepFoldRNA on Monomeric RNA hard set (TM-score, success rate)
36.67% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)DRfold commit pre-release-4-g9586990 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setDRfold on Monomeric RNA easy set (TM-score, success rate)
2.04% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)DRfold commit pre-release-4-g9586990 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setDRfold on Monomeric RNA hard set (TM-score, success rate)
60% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setHelixFold3 on Monomeric RNA easy set (GDT-TS, success rate)
70% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setHelixFold3 on Monomeric RNA easy set (INF, success rate)
3.45% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setHelixFold3 on Monomeric RNA easy set (lDDT, success rate)
23.33% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setHelixFold3 on Monomeric RNA easy set (TM-score, success rate)
38.78% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setHelixFold3 on Monomeric RNA hard set (GDT-TS, success rate)
51.02% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setHelixFold3 on Monomeric RNA hard set (INF, success rate)
2.13% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setHelixFold3 on Monomeric RNA hard set (lDDT, success rate)
0% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setHelixFold3 on Monomeric RNA hard set (TM-score, success rate)
0.075 unitlessDockQ (mean per-interface DockQ, RNA-protein interfaces)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA complex set, easy and hard combinedHelixFold3 on RNA complex set, easy and hard combined (RNA-protein)
0.373 unitlessDockQ (mean per-interface DockQ, RNA-RNA interfaces)HelixFold3 HelixFold3/73cd80b-hpc1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA complex set, easy and hard combinedHelixFold3 on RNA complex set, easy and hard combined (RNA-RNA)
66.67% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)NuFold commit 169a618 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setNuFold on Monomeric RNA easy set (GDT-TS, success rate)
63.33% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)NuFold commit 169a618 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setNuFold on Monomeric RNA easy set (INF, success rate)
20.69% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)NuFold commit 169a618 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setNuFold on Monomeric RNA easy set (lDDT, success rate)
50% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)NuFold commit 169a618 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setNuFold on Monomeric RNA easy set (TM-score, success rate)
40.82% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)NuFold commit 169a618 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setNuFold on Monomeric RNA hard set (GDT-TS, success rate)
32.65% percentSuccess rate (INF above the CASP16 threshold)NuFold commit 169a618 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setNuFold on Monomeric RNA hard set (INF, success rate)
0% percentSuccess rate (lDDT above the CASP16 threshold)NuFold commit 169a618 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setNuFold on Monomeric RNA hard set (lDDT, success rate)
2.04% percentSuccess rate (TM-score above the CASP16 threshold)NuFold commit 169a618 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA hard setNuFold on Monomeric RNA hard set (TM-score, success rate)
66.67% percentSuccess rate (GDT-TS above the CASP16 threshold)RhoFold+ 0.0.1 (Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 RNA benchmark run)Ludaic and Elofsson 2026 Monomeric RNA easy setRhoFold+ on Monomeric RNA easy set (GDT-TS, success rate)

Models, benchmarks and other records

Configurations (10)

Protocols (10)

Evaluations (88)

Evidence

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18 evidence rows matching the loaded filters

Claims, original sources and review scope · Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6
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attributes.artifact_sha256
0e26a301a5b5c39a0e2dfaa092760d6099345dcb9e0545e23b730374f39d463c
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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

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No field-specific location recorded

Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13501138/supplementaryFiles
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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

Original source ↗

No field-specific location recorded

Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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10.1093/nar/gkag813
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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

Original source ↗

No field-specific location recorded

Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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CC-BY-4.0
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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

Original source ↗

No field-specific location recorded

Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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Limitations
2 values
  • Read through the pdftotext -layout text layer; values were transcribed from the text layer, not from page renders.
  • Supplementary Table S7 prints 37.78% for AF3 GDT-TS on the hard set; Supplementary Table S4 gives 19 of 49 targets (38.78%). The DRfold and DeepFoldRNA per-target INF, GDT-TS and lDDT columns of Supplementary Tables S3-S5 are identical.
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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

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Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

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Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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peer_reviewed
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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

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No field-specific location recorded

Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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No individual claim review recorded

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2026-10-11T21:28:04Z
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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

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No field-specific location recorded

Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkag813
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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

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No field-specific location recorded

Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
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Limits of deep-learning-based RNA prediction methods: Supplementary Data

Original source ↗

No field-specific location recorded

Version: gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:28:04Z

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Release 2026-10-22-1b7cf027e4f6 · Record review: source checked

Primary source retrieved and hashed for the 2026-10-11 RNA and other-omics literature pass.

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Technical metadata and extraction receipts

Stable ID: lit-rna-20261011-rna3d-source-ludaic2026-supplement

areas
rna-transcriptomes; protein-structure
contexts
research
url
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkag813
artifact url
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13501138/supplementaryFiles
version
gkag813_supplemental_file.pdf from the Europe PMC supplementary files archive for PMC13501138
retrieved at
2026-10-11T21:28:04Z
artifact sha256
0e26a301a5b5c39a0e2dfaa092760d6099345dcb9e0545e23b730374f39d463c
doi
10.1093/nar/gkag813
publication status
peer_reviewed
licence
CC-BY-4.0
media type
application/pdf
limitations
Read through the pdftotext -layout text layer; values were transcribed from the text layer, not from page renders.; Supplementary Table S7 prints 37.78% for AF3 GDT-TS on the hard set; Supplementary Table S4 gives 19 of 49 targets (38.78%). The DRfold and DeepFoldRNA per-target INF, GDT-TS and lDDT columns of Supplementary Tables S3-S5 are identical.
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