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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

2025 · version of record · Peer-reviewed

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-60048-1Original source

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Results

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Model or configurationMetricValueDatasetEvaluation
BPfoldF10.820 unitlessArchiveIIBPfold: ArchiveII
BPfoldInteraction network fidelity0.823 unitlessArchiveIIBPfold: ArchiveII
BPfoldPrecision0.818 unitlessArchiveIIBPfold: ArchiveII
BPfoldRecall0.834 unitlessArchiveIIBPfold: ArchiveII
BPfoldF10.658 unitlessbpRNA-TS0BPfold: bpRNA-TS0
BPfoldInteraction network fidelity0.670 unitlessbpRNA-TS0BPfold: bpRNA-TS0
BPfoldPrecision0.599 unitlessbpRNA-TS0BPfold: bpRNA-TS0
BPfoldRecall0.770 unitlessbpRNA-TS0BPfold: bpRNA-TS0
BPfoldF10.689 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10BPfold: Rfam12.3–14.10
BPfoldInteraction network fidelity0.694 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10BPfold: Rfam12.3–14.10
BPfoldPrecision0.660 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10BPfold: Rfam12.3–14.10
BPfoldRecall0.741 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10BPfold: Rfam12.3–14.10
BPfoldF10.814 unitlessPDB RNA setBPfold: RNA secondary structure
BPfoldInteraction network fidelity0.817 unitlessPDB RNA setBPfold: RNA secondary structure
BPfoldPrecision0.840 unitlessPDB RNA setBPfold: RNA secondary structure
BPfoldRecall0.801 unitlessPDB RNA setBPfold: RNA secondary structure
ContextFoldF10.818 unitlessArchiveIIContextFold: ArchiveII
ContextFoldInteraction network fidelity0.820 unitlessArchiveIIContextFold: ArchiveII
ContextFoldPrecision0.824 unitlessArchiveIIContextFold: ArchiveII
ContextFoldRecall0.820 unitlessArchiveIIContextFold: ArchiveII
ContextFoldF10.516 unitlessbpRNA-TS0ContextFold: bpRNA-TS0
ContextFoldInteraction network fidelity0.526 unitlessbpRNA-TS0ContextFold: bpRNA-TS0
ContextFoldPrecision0.477 unitlessbpRNA-TS0ContextFold: bpRNA-TS0
ContextFoldRecall0.599 unitlessbpRNA-TS0ContextFold: bpRNA-TS0
ContextFoldF10.737 unitlessPDB RNA setContextFold: PDB
ContextFoldInteraction network fidelity0.743 unitlessPDB RNA setContextFold: PDB
ContextFoldPrecision0.795 unitlessPDB RNA setContextFold: PDB
ContextFoldRecall0.702 unitlessPDB RNA setContextFold: PDB
ContextFoldF10.612 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10ContextFold: Rfam12.3–14.10
ContextFoldInteraction network fidelity0.616 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10ContextFold: Rfam12.3–14.10
ContextFoldPrecision0.595 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10ContextFold: Rfam12.3–14.10
ContextFoldRecall0.648 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10ContextFold: Rfam12.3–14.10
CONTRAfoldF10.594 unitlessArchiveIICONTRAfold: ArchiveII
CONTRAfoldInteraction network fidelity0.597 unitlessArchiveIICONTRAfold: ArchiveII
CONTRAfoldPrecision0.612 unitlessArchiveIICONTRAfold: ArchiveII
CONTRAfoldRecall0.588 unitlessArchiveIICONTRAfold: ArchiveII
CONTRAfoldF10.547 unitlessbpRNA-TS0CONTRAfold: bpRNA-TS0
CONTRAfoldInteraction network fidelity0.557 unitlessbpRNA-TS0CONTRAfold: bpRNA-TS0
CONTRAfoldPrecision0.515 unitlessbpRNA-TS0CONTRAfold: bpRNA-TS0
CONTRAfoldRecall0.625 unitlessbpRNA-TS0CONTRAfold: bpRNA-TS0
CONTRAfoldF10.748 unitlessPDB RNA setCONTRAfold: PDB
CONTRAfoldInteraction network fidelity0.754 unitlessPDB RNA setCONTRAfold: PDB
CONTRAfoldPrecision0.819 unitlessPDB RNA setCONTRAfold: PDB
CONTRAfoldRecall0.708 unitlessPDB RNA setCONTRAfold: PDB
CONTRAfoldF10.660 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10CONTRAfold: Rfam12.3–14.10
CONTRAfoldInteraction network fidelity0.667 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10CONTRAfold: Rfam12.3–14.10
CONTRAfoldPrecision0.648 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10CONTRAfold: Rfam12.3–14.10
CONTRAfoldRecall0.702 unitlessRfam12.3–14.10CONTRAfold: Rfam12.3–14.10
EternaFoldF10.599 unitlessArchiveIIEternaFold: ArchiveII
EternaFoldInteraction network fidelity0.601 unitlessArchiveIIEternaFold: ArchiveII

Claims

Statements this source supports, each with where in the source it was checked.

  • ArchiveII (RNA secondary structure): links:evaluates_task:catalog-task-rna-secondary-structure: Evaluates task RNA secondary structure (Sequence-wise evaluation of three DL methods (BPfold, SPOT-RNA, and MXfold2), three shallow learning methods (ContextFold, CONTRAfold, and EternaFold), and non-ML methods (LinearFold, RNAfold, SimFold, and RNAstructure) on bpRNA-TS0 ( n  = 1305 RNAs) and ArchiveII ( n  = 3966 RNAs) datasets; Table 1 (Tab1), row 3 BPfold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 4 SPOT-RNA, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 5 MXfold2, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 6 ContextFold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 7 CONTRAfold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 8 EternaFold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 9 LinearFold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 10 RNAfold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 11 SimFold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 12 RNAstructure, column 6: ArchiveII INF)
  • ArchiveII (RNA secondary structure): links:evaluates_task:reported-task-dc82fcbfb44935: Evaluates task RNA secondary structure (Sequence-wise evaluation of three DL methods (BPfold, SPOT-RNA, and MXfold2), three shallow learning methods (ContextFold, CONTRAfold, and EternaFold), and non-ML methods (LinearFold, RNAfold, SimFold, and RNAstructure) on bpRNA-TS0 ( n  = 1305 RNAs) and ArchiveII ( n  = 3966 RNAs) datasets; Table 1 (Tab1), row 3 BPfold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 4 SPOT-RNA, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 5 MXfold2, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 6 ContextFold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 7 CONTRAfold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 8 EternaFold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 9 LinearFold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 10 RNAfold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 11 SimFold, column 6: ArchiveII INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 12 RNAstructure, column 6: ArchiveII INF)
  • BPfold · F1 · PDB RNA set: attributes.metric_direction: Metric direction higher (Table 2 (Tab2), row 3 BPfold, column 7: PDB F1)
  • bpRNA-TS0 (RNA secondary structure): links:evaluates_task:catalog-task-rna-secondary-structure: Evaluates task RNA secondary structure (Sequence-wise evaluation of three DL methods (BPfold, SPOT-RNA, and MXfold2), three shallow learning methods (ContextFold, CONTRAfold, and EternaFold), and non-ML methods (LinearFold, RNAfold, SimFold, and RNAstructure) on bpRNA-TS0 ( n  = 1305 RNAs) and ArchiveII ( n  = 3966 RNAs) datasets; Table 1 (Tab1), row 3 BPfold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 4 SPOT-RNA, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 5 MXfold2, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 6 ContextFold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 7 CONTRAfold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 8 EternaFold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 9 LinearFold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 10 RNAfold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 11 SimFold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 12 RNAstructure, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF)
  • bpRNA-TS0 (RNA secondary structure): links:evaluates_task:reported-task-dc82fcbfb44935: Evaluates task RNA secondary structure (Sequence-wise evaluation of three DL methods (BPfold, SPOT-RNA, and MXfold2), three shallow learning methods (ContextFold, CONTRAfold, and EternaFold), and non-ML methods (LinearFold, RNAfold, SimFold, and RNAstructure) on bpRNA-TS0 ( n  = 1305 RNAs) and ArchiveII ( n  = 3966 RNAs) datasets; Table 1 (Tab1), row 3 BPfold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 4 SPOT-RNA, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 5 MXfold2, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 6 ContextFold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 7 CONTRAfold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 8 EternaFold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 9 LinearFold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 10 RNAfold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 11 SimFold, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF; Table 1 (Tab1), row 12 RNAstructure, column 2: bpRNA-TS0 INF)
  • PDB (RNA secondary structure): links:evaluates_task:catalog-task-rna-secondary-structure: Evaluates task RNA secondary structure (Family-wise evaluation of three DL methods (BPfold, SPOT-RNA, and MXfold2), three shallow learning methods (ContextFold, CONTRAfold, and EternaFold) and non-learning methods (LinearFold, RNAfold, SimFold, and RNAstructure) on Rfam12.3–14.10 ( n  = 10,791 RNAs) and PDB ( n  = 116 RNAs) datasets; Table 2 (Tab2), row 3 BPfold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 4 SPOT-RNA, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 5 MXfold2, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 6 ContextFold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 7 CONTRAfold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 8 EternaFold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 9 LinearFold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 10 RNAfold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 11 SimFold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 12 RNAstructure, column 6: PDB INF)
  • PDB (RNA secondary structure): links:evaluates_task:reported-task-dc82fcbfb44935: Evaluates task RNA secondary structure (Family-wise evaluation of three DL methods (BPfold, SPOT-RNA, and MXfold2), three shallow learning methods (ContextFold, CONTRAfold, and EternaFold) and non-learning methods (LinearFold, RNAfold, SimFold, and RNAstructure) on Rfam12.3–14.10 ( n  = 10,791 RNAs) and PDB ( n  = 116 RNAs) datasets; Table 2 (Tab2), row 3 BPfold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 4 SPOT-RNA, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 5 MXfold2, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 6 ContextFold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 7 CONTRAfold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 8 EternaFold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 9 LinearFold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 10 RNAfold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 11 SimFold, column 6: PDB INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 12 RNAstructure, column 6: PDB INF)
  • Reported F1 for BPfold: Printed value 0.814 (Table 2, BPfold row, PDB F1 column)
  • Reported F1 for RNAfold: Printed value 0.747 (Table 2, RNAfold row, PDB F1 column)
  • Rfam12.3–14.10 (RNA secondary structure): links:evaluates_task:catalog-task-rna-secondary-structure: Evaluates task RNA secondary structure (Family-wise evaluation of three DL methods (BPfold, SPOT-RNA, and MXfold2), three shallow learning methods (ContextFold, CONTRAfold, and EternaFold) and non-learning methods (LinearFold, RNAfold, SimFold, and RNAstructure) on Rfam12.3–14.10 ( n  = 10,791 RNAs) and PDB ( n  = 116 RNAs) datasets; Table 2 (Tab2), row 3 BPfold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 4 SPOT-RNA, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 5 MXfold2, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 6 ContextFold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 7 CONTRAfold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 8 EternaFold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 9 LinearFold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 10 RNAfold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 11 SimFold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 12 RNAstructure, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF)
  • Rfam12.3–14.10 (RNA secondary structure): links:evaluates_task:reported-task-dc82fcbfb44935: Evaluates task RNA secondary structure (Family-wise evaluation of three DL methods (BPfold, SPOT-RNA, and MXfold2), three shallow learning methods (ContextFold, CONTRAfold, and EternaFold) and non-learning methods (LinearFold, RNAfold, SimFold, and RNAstructure) on Rfam12.3–14.10 ( n  = 10,791 RNAs) and PDB ( n  = 116 RNAs) datasets; Table 2 (Tab2), row 3 BPfold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 4 SPOT-RNA, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 5 MXfold2, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 6 ContextFold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 7 CONTRAfold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 8 EternaFold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 9 LinearFold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 10 RNAfold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 11 SimFold, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF; Table 2 (Tab2), row 12 RNAstructure, column 2: Rfam12.3–14.10 INF)
  • RNAfold · F1 · PDB RNA set: attributes.metric_direction: Metric direction higher (Table 2 (Tab2), row 10 RNAfold, column 7: PDB F1)

Models, benchmarks and other records

Configurations (12)

Tasks (2)

Protocols (4)

Datasets (4)

Evaluations (40)

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Claims, original sources and review scope · Release 2026-11-02-a7f03c9e55a5
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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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976218bd172998a1a6e7ed1609ecb8cb2ee380fb48a8dc7b25bc05ea8b0a49af
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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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10.1038/s41467-025-60048-1
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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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Deep generalizable prediction of RNA secondary structure via base pair motif energy

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Stable ID: bpfold-2025

areas
rna-transcriptomes
url
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12216785/
version
version of record
retrieved at
2026-09-15T23:25:00Z
doi
10.1038/s41467-025-60048-1
publication status
peer_reviewed
year
2025
artifact sha256
976218bd172998a1a6e7ed1609ecb8cb2ee380fb48a8dc7b25bc05ea8b0a49af
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