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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

bioRxiv preprint version 1, posted 2026-07-24 · Preprint

DOI: 10.64898/2026.07.20.739620

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Model or configurationMetricValueDatasetEvaluation
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q1 (0–0.017); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)99.07% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q2 (0.017–0.037); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)98.94% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q3 (0.037–0.065); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)98.60% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q4 (0.065–0.116); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)97.51% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q5 (>0.116); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)83.67% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))2.56% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))2.76% percentHepG2 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, HepG2
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))3.18% percentJurkat essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, Jurkat
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))2.13% percentK562 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, K562
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))2.16% percentRPE1 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, RPE1
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q1 (0–0.016); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)98.76% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q2 (0.016–0.034); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)98.62% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q3 (0.034–0.060); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)98.22% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q4 (0.060–0.108); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)97.02% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q5 (>0.108); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)84.65% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))3.39% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))2.98% percentHepG2 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, HepG2
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))1.69% percentJurkat essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, Jurkat
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))4.27% percentK562 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, K562
1-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))4.63% percentRPE1 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)1-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, RPE1
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q1 (0–0.017); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)99.86% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q2 (0.017–0.037); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)99.83% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q3 (0.037–0.065); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)99.72% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q4 (0.065–0.116); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)99.12% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q5 (>0.116); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)84.38% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))0.58% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))0.47% percentHepG2 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, HepG2
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))0.73% percentJurkat essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, Jurkat
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))0.63% percentK562 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, K562
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))0.49% percentRPE1 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, RPE1
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q1 (0–0.016); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)99.87% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q2 (0.016–0.034); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)99.84% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q3 (0.034–0.060); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)99.75% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q4 (0.060–0.108); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)99.27% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q5 (>0.108); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)86.90% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))0.91% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))0.86% percentHepG2 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, HepG2
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))0.28% percentJurkat essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, Jurkat
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))0.96% percentK562 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, K562
Weighted 10-NN on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))1.55% percentRPE1 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)10-NN on Sun et al. 2026 within-cell-line DE classification, RPE1
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q1 (0–0.017); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)89.03% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q2 (0.017–0.037); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)88.30% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q3 (0.037–0.065); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)86.50% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q4 (0.065–0.116); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)82.65% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Accuracy (3-class (non-DE, up, down) accuracy within true |log2 FC| quantile Q5 (>0.116); quantile bins per cell line, averaged over four cell lines)68.43% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))16.61% percentK562, RPE1, HepG2 and Jurkat test sets (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, four cell lines
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))18.90% percentHepG2 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, HepG2
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))18.03% percentJurkat essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, Jurkat
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))12.91% percentK562 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, K562
Per-gene L2 logistic regression on GenePT embeddings (Sun et al. 2026)Proportion (share of perturbation-gene pairs predicted as differentially expressed (compare with the printed true DE prevalence))16.62% percentRPE1 essential-gene Perturb-seq, 40% test perturbations (Sun et al. 2026)Logistic regression on Sun et al. 2026 cross-cell-line DE classification, RPE1

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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

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    Methods describe results on both the full data and a PerturbQA-downsampled subset ('We annotate our results to distinguish between these two settings'), but the captions of Tables 1-4 do not say which setting they report. The printed true DE prevalence (1.75-4.41%) matches the full data's 95-98% non-DE share (Table 5), not the downsampled set; this is an inference, not a printed statement.
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    Section 3.2 'Full vs. Curated Dataset'; Tables 1-5
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    2026-10-11
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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

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Limitations
3 values
  • Preprint, not peer reviewed.
  • Single train/test split (60/40 by perturbation); no spread printed in Tables 1-4.
  • The authors did not develop scVI, scGen or STATE. Co-author Ouyang Zhu developed Scouter and TranScouter (references 14 and 31), and co-author Yiqun T. Chen developed the GenePT embeddings used by the KNN, logistic-regression, VAE and scVI configurations (reference 30). The majority vote, KNN and logistic regression baselines and the scGen-based VAE adaptation are the authors' own.
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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

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Beyond Expression Prediction: Benchmarking Differential Expression Classification in Single-Cell Perturbation Models

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research
url
https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.07.20.739620
artifact url
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.20.739620v1.full.pdf
version
bioRxiv preprint version 1, posted 2026-07-24
retrieved at
2026-10-11T21:35:10Z
artifact sha256
fa1c6a6345c45e14b9c373dfa8aff12633ae646feece1cfa3899c3ed61f6cfdf
doi
10.64898/2026.07.20.739620
publication status
preprint
licence
CC-BY-4.0
media type
application/pdf
hash scope
Exact bytes of one download; bioRxiv serves slightly different PDF bytes per download, so the gzip copy in artifacts/ is the reference.
limitations
Preprint, not peer reviewed.; Single train/test split (60/40 by perturbation); no spread printed in Tables 1-4.; The authors did not develop scVI, scGen or STATE. Co-author Ouyang Zhu developed Scouter and TranScouter (references 14 and 31), and co-author Yiqun T. Chen developed the GenePT embeddings used by the KNN, logistic-regression, VAE and scVI configurations (reference 30). The majority vote, KNN and logistic regression baselines and the scGen-based VAE adaptation are the authors' own.
evidence concerns
source id: lit-cells-networks-20261011-sun2026de-source-sun2026; message: Methods describe results on both the full data and a PerturbQA-downsampled subset ('We annotate our results to distinguish between these two settings'), but the captions of Tables 1-4 do not say which setting they report. The printed true DE prevalence (1.75-4.41%) matches the full data's 95-98% non-DE share (Table 5), not the downsampled set; this is an inference, not a printed statement.; source locator: Section 3.2 'Full vs. Curated Dataset'; Tables 1-5; artifact sha256: fa1c6a6345c45e14b9c373dfa8aff12633ae646feece1cfa3899c3ed61f6cfdf; review date: 2026-10-11
review
method: source-hash-verification; method note: Archived gzip copy unpacked and its SHA-256 matched; a fresh bioRxiv download was rate-limited (HTTP 429).; reviewer: claude; reviewer note: Claude review agent reviewer-cn-1, independent of the extractor lit-cells-networks; no human review claimed; date: 2026-10-12
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