Dataset

Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)

Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons

Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4

Inputs for the inference-efficiency benchmark; content not described.

Evaluation results

9 evaluations · 92 results. Different protocols are not a single leaderboard.

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Tested model or methodProtocolDatasetEvaluation setupMetricEvidence origin

Applied filters: All linked evaluations

Exact evaluated configurations and original reported results
Tested configuration	Protocol and dataset	Finding	Evidence and details
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	376 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 1024 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 1024, column 'bs'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	53.4 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 1024 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 1024, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	90 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 2048 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 2048, column 'bs'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	40.7 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 2048 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 2048, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	3800 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 256 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 256, column 'bs'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	68.6 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 256 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 256, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	15 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 4096 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 4096, column 'bs'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	27.6 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 4096 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 4096, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	1430 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 512 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 512, column 'bs'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	62.6 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 512 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 512, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	5 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 8192 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 8192, column 'bs'
Configuration: DNABERT-2 on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	15.5 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 8192 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Independent external evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source DNABERT-2 (117M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'DNABERT-2 (117M)', sequence length L = 8192, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: GENA base on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	6640 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 256 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source GENA base (110M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'GENA base (110M)', sequence length L = 256, column 'bs'
Configuration: GENA base on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	91.8 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 256 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source GENA base (110M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'GENA base (110M)', sequence length L = 256, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: GENA base on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	2210 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 512 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source GENA base (110M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'GENA base (110M)', sequence length L = 512, column 'bs'
Configuration: GENA base on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	82 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 512 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source GENA base (110M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'GENA base (110M)', sequence length L = 512, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: GENA large on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	4920 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 256 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source GENA large (336M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'GENA large (336M)', sequence length L = 256, column 'bs'
Configuration: GENA large on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	27.1 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 256 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source GENA large (336M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'GENA large (336M)', sequence length L = 256, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: GENA large on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	1630 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 512 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source GENA large (336M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'GENA large (336M)', sequence length L = 512, column 'bs'
Configuration: GENA large on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	24.8 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 512 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source GENA large (336M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'GENA large (336M)', sequence length L = 512, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	901 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 1024 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M)', sequence length L = 1024, column 'bs'
Configuration: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	508 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 1024 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M)', sequence length L = 1024, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	446 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 2048 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M)', sequence length L = 2048, column 'bs'
Configuration: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	479 Inference throughput (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 2048 tokens) sample-per-second · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source: Mean of 10 timing runs; spread not printed Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M)', sequence length L = 2048, column 'tokens/s'
Configuration: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) on one A100 80 GB (Aspidova et al. 2026)	Protocol: DNA language model inference throughput and maximum batch size on one A100 80 GB by sequence length (Aspidova et al. 2026 Table 2) Dataset: Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026)	3630 Maximum batch size (Encoder forward pass on one A100 80 GB; sequence length 256 tokens) count · higher Uncertainty: Not reported by the source Coverage: Not reported scored / Not reported eligible	Author-reported evaluation · Source checked Evidence concern: excluded from comparisons Appendix B Table 2 and Figure 1 (axis 'Inference speed (tokens/s)') give throughput in tokens/s, but the printed values are inconsistent with the printed batch sizes: ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) at L = 256 prints 552.44 tokens/s with a batch of 3,631 sequences (929,536 tokens), about 28 minutes per batch, and ModernGENA base without FA2 at L = 8192 prints 71.15 tokens/s with a batch of 92 (753,664 tokens), about 2.9 hours per batch, against a stated pretraining throughput of 1.33M tokens/s on eight A100 GPUs (Section 3.2.4). The unit or scale of the throughput column is unclear. Batch sizes share the table. Values are recorded as printed.Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9); Figure 1 (page 4); Section 3.2.4 Methods, coverage and source ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M) inference throughput on one A100 (Aspidova et al. 2026) model-execution-20261011-protocol-aspidova2026-a100-inference-throughput Aggregation: Not reported Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Appendix B Table 2 (page 9), row 'ModernGENA base (FA2 + autocast bf16) (135M)', sequence length L = 256, column 'bs'

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5 evidence rows matching the loaded filters

Claims, original sources and review scope · Release 2026-10-23-5347695500ed
Property and statement	Original source and location	Review and provenance
Population Fixed-length sequences at L = 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096 and 8192 tokens Context-only references	Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models Original source ↗ Section 3.4; Appendix B Version: bioRxiv preprint version 1, posted 2026-04-23 Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:39:38Z	not individually reviewed No individual claim review recorded Source has a recorded evidence concern. Consult its source page before using the claim. Audit details Field: `attributes.population` Source artifact SHA-256: `238ab9916d54b419bf31fd79ecf146d654eb6574d3b441aa2043d39632e709fa` Hash scope: bioRxiv stamps each PDF download, so artifact_sha256 describes one retrieval; retrieved_at is the file's modification time. The pdftotext -layout text layer has SHA-256 ebaf0541c173359940737efde2c15d4ab4aa37d7cc323b3922a818feb5be6b4b. A second download at 21:43Z was refused with HTTP 429. Inspected artifact
Source location Section 3.4; Appendix B Context-only references	Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models Original source ↗ Section 3.4; Appendix B Version: bioRxiv preprint version 1, posted 2026-04-23 Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:39:38Z	not individually reviewed No individual claim review recorded Source has a recorded evidence concern. Consult its source page before using the claim. Audit details Field: `attributes.source_locator` Source artifact SHA-256: `238ab9916d54b419bf31fd79ecf146d654eb6574d3b441aa2043d39632e709fa` Hash scope: bioRxiv stamps each PDF download, so artifact_sha256 describes one retrieval; retrieved_at is the file's modification time. The pdftotext -layout text layer has SHA-256 ebaf0541c173359940737efde2c15d4ab4aa37d7cc323b3922a818feb5be6b4b. A second download at 21:43Z was refused with HTTP 429. Inspected artifact
Split Not applicable (timing only) Context-only references	Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models Original source ↗ Section 3.4; Appendix B Version: bioRxiv preprint version 1, posted 2026-04-23 Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:39:38Z	not individually reviewed No individual claim review recorded Source has a recorded evidence concern. Consult its source page before using the claim. Audit details Field: `attributes.split` Source artifact SHA-256: `238ab9916d54b419bf31fd79ecf146d654eb6574d3b441aa2043d39632e709fa` Hash scope: bioRxiv stamps each PDF download, so artifact_sha256 describes one retrieval; retrieved_at is the file's modification time. The pdftotext -layout text layer has SHA-256 ebaf0541c173359940737efde2c15d4ab4aa37d7cc323b3922a818feb5be6b4b. A second download at 21:43Z was refused with HTTP 429. Inspected artifact
Description Inputs for the inference-efficiency benchmark; content not described. Context-only references	Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models Original source ↗ Section 3.4; Appendix B Version: bioRxiv preprint version 1, posted 2026-04-23 Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:39:38Z	not individually reviewed No individual claim review recorded Source has a recorded evidence concern. Consult its source page before using the claim. Audit details Field: `description` Source artifact SHA-256: `238ab9916d54b419bf31fd79ecf146d654eb6574d3b441aa2043d39632e709fa` Hash scope: bioRxiv stamps each PDF download, so artifact_sha256 describes one retrieval; retrieved_at is the file's modification time. The pdftotext -layout text layer has SHA-256 ebaf0541c173359940737efde2c15d4ab4aa37d7cc323b3922a818feb5be6b4b. A second download at 21:43Z was refused with HTTP 429. Inspected artifact
Name Fixed-length token sequences of 256 to 8,192 tokens (Aspidova et al. 2026) Context-only references	Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models Original source ↗ Section 3.4; Appendix B Version: bioRxiv preprint version 1, posted 2026-04-23 Retrieved: 2026-10-11T21:39:38Z	not individually reviewed No individual claim review recorded Source has a recorded evidence concern. Consult its source page before using the claim. Audit details Field: `name` Source artifact SHA-256: `238ab9916d54b419bf31fd79ecf146d654eb6574d3b441aa2043d39632e709fa` Hash scope: bioRxiv stamps each PDF download, so artifact_sha256 describes one retrieval; retrieved_at is the file's modification time. The pdftotext -layout text layer has SHA-256 ebaf0541c173359940737efde2c15d4ab4aa37d7cc323b3922a818feb5be6b4b. A second download at 21:43Z was refused with HTTP 429. Inspected artifact

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Release 2026-10-23-5347695500ed · Record review: source checked

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Back to BERT in 2026: ModernGENA as a Strong, Efficient Baseline for DNA Foundation Models · Original source · bioRxiv preprint version 1, posted 2026-04-23

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Technical metadata and extraction receipts

Stable ID: model-execution-20261011-data-aspidova2026-fixed-length-sequences

areas: dna-genomes
contexts: research
population: Fixed-length sequences at L = 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096 and 8192 tokens
split: Not applicable (timing only)
source locator: Section 3.4; Appendix B
missing metadata: accession: reason: unreported; note: Sequence source not stated; version: reason: unreported

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