Source

Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology

2024 · preprint archived 2024-10-29 · Preprint

DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557287 Original source

What this source contributed

Records in this release that cite this source. A record can cite several sources.

2 configurations
1 task
1 dataset
2 evaluations
2 results
3 evidence claims

Results

Values as the source printed them. Compare results only under compatible protocols, datasets and metrics.

Model or configuration	Metric	Value	Dataset	Evaluation
C2S (GPT-2 Large)	Partial label accuracy	0.631 unitless	L1000	C2S (GPT-2 Large): Combinatorial cell-label classification
Geneformer	Partial label accuracy	0.419 unitless	L1000	Geneformer: Combinatorial cell-label classification

Claims

Statements this source supports, each with where in the source it was checked.

Geneformer: family Geneformer: Family Geneformer (Downstream cell-label classification comparison; Table 3 and Geneformer comparison methods)
Reported Partial-label accuracy for C2S (GPT-2 Large): Printed value 0.631 (Table 3, Partial label / C2S (GPT-2 Large) row, L1000 Acc column)
Reported Partial-label accuracy for Geneformer: Printed value 0.419 (Table 3, Partial label / Geneformer row, L1000 Acc column)

Models, benchmarks and other records

Configurations (2)

Tasks (1)

Combinatorial cell-label classification

Datasets (1)

L1000

Evaluations (2)

Evidence

Source checking verifies the cited claim or transcription. It does not establish independent reproduction.

Evidence table

Inspect claims, sources and review details

Trace each statement to its source and review. A context-only reference supports the record generally; it does not verify an individual field. Source checking does not reproduce an experiment.

One row per statement and cited source. Multiple citations are not independent evaluations. Shared locators are labelled explicitly.

18 evidence rows matching the loaded filters

Claims, original sources and review scope · Release 2026-11-02-a7f03c9e55a5
Property and statement	Original source and location	Review and provenance
Artifact retrieved at 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00 Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.artifact_retrieved_at` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Artifact SHA-256 e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02 Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.artifact_sha256` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Artifact url https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11565894/fullTextXML Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.artifact_url` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Doi 10.1101/2023.09.11.557287 Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.doi` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Missing metadata: licence: reason unextracted Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.missing_metadata.licence.reason` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Publication status preprint Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.publication_status` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Retrieved at 2026-09-15T23:25:00Z Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.retrieved_at` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Scope decision included Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.scope_decision` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Url https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11565894/ Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.url` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact
Version preprint archived 2024-10-29 Source metadata	Cell2Sentence: Teaching Large Language Models the Language of Biology Original source ↗ No field-specific location recorded Version: preprint archived 2024-10-29 Retrieved: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00	catalogued No individual claim review recorded Audit details Field: `attributes.version` Source artifact SHA-256: `e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02` Hash scope: Hash scope not separately documented; inspect source record Inspected artifact

How to read the evidence

Sources and history

Release 2026-11-02-a7f03c9e55a5 · Record review: discovered

Primary paper retained with its original identifier. Metadata inherited from the literature collection; individual result checks are separate.

Release history

No supporting source is linked yet.

Read original source

Download this release (gzip)

Technical metadata and extraction receipts

Stable ID: cell2sentence-2024

areas: cells-tissues
url: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11565894/
version: preprint archived 2024-10-29
retrieved at: 2026-09-15T23:25:00Z
doi: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557287
publication status: preprint
year: 2024
artifact sha256: e088727d6e04857fccb7033a9b074e1850f775e86e7d2e99e603dde09558ab02
artifact url: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11565894/fullTextXML
artifact retrieved at: 2026-09-16T10:41:16.533640+00:00
scope decision: included
missing metadata: licence: reason: unextracted

Related records

Suggest a correction